Over The Past Few Decades Problems Have Emerged In Regards

Over the past few decades problems have emerged in regards to the subject of divorce. Most of these problems focus on the notion that divorce is practically a sin and should be considered indissoluble. These absurd conclusions are essentially encouraged since â€Å"[o]ur divorce laws are rooted in the protestant concept of marital sin.† (Ehrlich, p. 174) However, times have changed and the horrendous reputation divorce has received should change right along side the changing times. The thought that all divorces are similar needs to be dropped, and the American people need to rise above past presumptions and educate themselves on the variety of options divorce has come to offer to struggling married couples. After all, those who are seeking a†¦show more content†¦Though this is not totally incorrect, there are some flaws with this train of thought. Divorce is a personal matter, however, States have obligations to their citizens, therefore, States do in fact have an int erest in marriage and divorce to a certain extent. Case in point, minors often fall victim to hardships when a divorce occurs between their parents. Since these minors do not have the ability to stand up for themselves in a Court of law, the State in which the married couple and the children reside in must step up and look out for the well being of the child. Along side this idea comes the idea that divorce is not an act that affects just the married couple, or even just the married couple and their children. Divorce affects a couple’s family, their friends, and other community members. In order to ensure that a divorce hurts as few people as possible and is as fair as possible, the State must intervene and act as a neutral party, even if it is just by means of passing laws to provide limitations. Said limitations can serve as a double edged sword; they ensuring the best possible outcome, yet they also serve to prove that marriage is not a game, but instead, it is a serious c ommitment. By proving the seriousness of marriage and the impact divorce can have, limitations also stand to attempt to eliminate gold diggers’s ability to work the system and take advantage of naive, wealthy citizens. As a whole, American’sShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Scientific Management On Manufacturing Sector And Other Sectors1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of scientific management has been well-developed in the past decades. The manufacturing sector was the first to adopt scientific management and this phenomenon has been adopted, later on, in other sectors as well. (Jones, 2000). The primary purpose of this essay is to evaluate the role of scientific management in manufacturing sector and other sectors as well. The paper focuses on the analysis of past literature regarding scientific management. 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Can Depression Be Genetically Inherited - 2368 Words

Goodwin 1 Holly R. Goodwin Mr. Garner English 12 12 March 2015 Can Depression Be Genetically Inherited Sited from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/ â€Å"Depression, also major depression, clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is a medical illness that causes a constant feeling of sadness and lack of interest. Depression affects how the person feels, behaves and thinks.† Now the world has yet to fully understand the different disorders and diseases that surround us today, but we learn more and more every day. One illness the world is well aware of, is Depression. Depression affects millions of people around the world, and can be very common. But one question remains...Can depression be genetically passed or inherited to us from†¦show more content†¦An example of this could come from PTSD or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Sited from http://www.aventurastressrelief.com/ â€Å"This is a type of anxiety disorder that occurs when one has gone through an extreme emotional trauma that involved the threat of injury or death. PTSD most likely occurs when an indivi dual has gone through a traumatic event such as war, assault, and accident, or a disaster.† Although PTSD victims can experience depression, this disorder is not genetically inherited. It has been known that depressive illnesses can run in families, but until fairly recently, it was not fully known whether people inherit a susceptibility to these illnesses, or if something else such as the environment they’re exposed to, is the true cause. Those who research depression and what causes it, have been able to determine that to some extent that depressive illnesses, can be inherited. But that theory can be incorrect. What appear to be inherited, can really be a vulnerability to depression. Meaning that if we have close relatives who suffer from clinical depression, we may inherit a tendency to develop this illness. It does not mean we are all destined to become depressed. Goodwin 3 Genes that we inherit from our parents determine many things about us such as our gender and the color of our eyes or our hair. Our genes

Sustainability Accounting & Accountability-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identify five relevant stakeholder groups and discuss how different accounts could be used to satisfy each groups information requirements. 2.You need consider ONE of the most important metrics that could be used for each of the four perspectives of performance and explain the reason why it has been selected and how it can be used to improve companys performance. 3.Provide an explanation to the CEO with reference to the potential costs and benefits of working with both Super Cheap and Green Fashion. 4.identifying a total of four possible social and environment impacts. If the impact is detrimental either socially or environmentally, give suggestions to minimize the impact. If the impact is positive, give suggestions as to maximize the benefit. 5.You are required to identify an organisation, business or industry and explain whether and how it could potentially increase the value of its shares in the long term by being accountable to its major stakeholders. Answers: 1.Fashion companies have primary stakeholder and secondary stakeholders. The fashion industry has to depend on other parties for the supply of raw materials and suppliers forms an important part of their stakeholder group. Customers, employees, investors and community are other relevant stakeholders group of RTXM clothing company. Each single group in stakeholders requires different information for judging the performance of organization. Customers forms an integral part of stakeholders and they are mostly concerned about the quality of products. They rely on the area of complains for gaining feedback about the products. The information requirement of customers can be satisfied with the involvement of customer teams that would assist them in gaining with specific and customized requirements about different products and clothes. Suppliers are other important stakeholders who most inform the company about the type and quality of textile manufactured by them. Sometimes, it becomes hard for company to communicate the requirement of fabric quality to the suppliers. It is essential for Fashion Company to properly communicate the fabric quality and raw materials to assist them in shipping the materials (Edwards 2013). Community should be informed about the social responsible work that the organization is engaged with. They require the information about the area in which the company is supporting projects for the wellbeing of society and their betterment. Information such as raising of funds and steps taken by them in maintaining environmental sustainability helps in maintaining reputation and brand image of company. Investors are concerned about the stability and sustainability of company in relation to their competitors. Employees seek the information about the efficacy about human resource department in dealing with their employees, their package, incentives, scope of outsourcing the employees, work life balance (Remy et al. 2016). 2.The balanced scorecard is a framework of strategic management that helps in measuring the performance of organization. It includes both non-financial and financial metrics for measuring the performance. Four perspectives are involved in the balanced score card for measuring the performance and this involves customer perspective, financial perspective, internal business perspectives and innovation and learning perspectives. This particular measure is considered better performance indicator compared to using only profit because it integrates both financial and non-financial indicators for assessing the operational process and performance of organization from top to bottom. The financial perspective is of particular interest to investors of RTXM and it depicts the strategy, execution and its improvement at the bottom line improvement. The financial perspective of organization can be measured using the quarterly sales made that would lead to increase in their operating income. Therefore, quarterly sales is one of the important metric for measuring the financial performance, as this would ultimately help in increasing the return on investment and thereafter the market share. Customer perspective fall in the categories such as quality, price, cost, time, service and performances. Time taken by com ay to deliver the products is measured by the lead-time and defect level of products are measured with the quality measures. RTXM is currently issues such as product quality and their online shopping experience. An important metrics is this regard is the responsive supply and preferred suppliers as it will lead to on time delivery and maintain the requirement of business (Coe and Letza 2014). Perspective of internal business of RTXM can be measured using design productivity. Learning and innovation perspective of organization can be measured using the metric by focusing on products. They should focus on products that comprise of 80% of sales. This is so because it will help in boosting the overall performance of organization. 3.RTXM is required to keep track of its performance by identifying their core objectives. They are required to focus on the quality of products for which new suppliers are required. There are two proposed suppliers that is Green fashion and super cheap. Super cheap is capable of supplying large range of products in short period at competitive price. Looking on the side of corporate social responsibility, the supplier has many serious issues in their supply chain. Environment in which the suppliers operate are polluted due to their own activities and suppliers forms an integral part of company. Such agreement would hamper the image of organization. Another supplier is Green fashion has their sustainability and value agenda similar to the RTXM. Furthermore, they supply products within the reasonable time frame (Bebbington et al. 2014). However, they offer limited range of products at relatively higher price. In addition to this, they have agenda of sustainability that has fashion desig n in way kind to environment. They source the raw materials for producing the fabrics in ethical manner and promotes the work life balances for their employees. Considering all, the aspects of being sustainable suppliers, it can be said that it would be strategically appropriate for RTXM to select Green fashion as their suppliers. Working with Super Cheap would provide the organization with wide range of products at competitive price and within short time. On other hand, Green fashion are compatible to work with and provides with quality products at relatively higher price compared to Super cheap (Simkin et al. 2014). However, considering other aspects, it would be beneficial for RTXM to select Green fashion as their supplier. Furthermore, their employee friendly environment would be useful to their relevant stakeholders. 4.For analysis of life, cycle of a product that is considered is trousers or jeans. RTXM has expanded its product lines for joining with the fast fashion industry. The life cycle of trousers consist if many stages such as production of cotton, production of fabric. Fabric production has several stages such as manufacturing of garment, distribution and transport, recycling and consumer care. The last stage is end of life of product. The life cycle analysis of a product provides with the framework and approach of sustainable fashion design (Smith 2017). Product life cycle of jeans: (Source: Hribar et al. 2014) The first stage is to measure the resources that is taken to manufacture the product that is jeans and then releasing it into the environment during the life cycle. Each of the stages of product life cycle has an impact on environment. Design stage of product is done at the beginning of their life cycle. Innovations in designing new product comes with some environmental challenges. Production of fabric and customer care are the most significant phase for impact of energy and climatic change. The phase of customer care has dominating the climatic change area and this is driven by non-renewable energy usage (Gmelin and Seuring 2014). Product life cycle of products comes with some of social and environmental challenges. It does not take into account for performing social analysis. Most of data required for carrying out evaluations are not available from organizations. It also has damaging impact on environment such as pollution, safety and health hazards along with impact in water and use of energy. There are some benefits of assessment of life cycle of product as it allows the organization to focus on considerable environmental impacts for evaluation of sustainable policies and programs. RTXM are provided with the suggestions that can help in minimizing the social and environmental impacts. Organization would have informed product decisions affecting materials, design and materiality (Weygandt et al. 2013). 5.Maximizing the value of shares is of utmost important for any organization in order to enable the shareholders to make them reap maximum benefits. Strategies of business should be developed by keeping in mind the interest of investors. An organization can create value or enhance value of their shares by shaping their business strategies aligning with the objectives of shareholders or investors. David Jones is an organization that has a record of accomplishment over the past five years in relation to shareholders return and financial performance. It has the their largest departmental store of Australia Organization has a solid foundation for future growth on shareholder return irrespective of troughs and peak of economic cycle. It is required by company in their very first instance to follow the principle of maximizing value of shareholders. David Jones can increase the shareholder value by implementing strategic initiatives that will help in generating long-term value and benefits. Organization should try to maximize the expected shareholder return event at the lower near term cost. Some of the key source for delivering value to shareholders is maintaining strong position of balance sheet, growth in dividend paid that is in line with growth in net profit after tax and returning excessive cash to shareholders in an efficient manner. Formulation of strategic plans of organiza tion that will help in generating excess return to shareholders are creation of high value new stores, refurbishing and adoption of stringent disciplines of capital efficiency. Organization should focus on category of high margin products that will continue to provide sustainable improvement of gross profit margin. This will increase the revenue generated and ultimately the returns to shareholders References: Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Coe, N. and Letza, S., 2014. Two decades of the balanced scorecard: A review of developments.The Poznan University of Economics Review,14(1), p.63. Demski, J., 2013. Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media. Edwards, J.R., 2013. A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting) (Vol. 29). Routledge. Fashion Revolution CIC 2015, Its time for a Fashion Revolution, viewed 21 July 2017, Gmelin, H. and Seuring, S., 2014. Achieving sustainable new product development by integrating product life-cycle management capabilities.International Journal of Production Economics,154, pp.166-177. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2015. Advanced accounting. McGraw Hill. Hribar, P., Kravet, T. and Wilson, R., 2014. A new measure of accounting quality. Review of Accounting Studies, 19(1), pp.506-538. Remy, N Speelman, E Swartz, S 2016, Style thats sustainable: A new fast-fashion formula, viewed 15 July 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability-andresource-productivity/our-insights/style-thats-sustainable-a-new-fast-fashionformula?cid=sustainability-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1610. Simkin, M.G., Norman, C.S. and Rose, J.M., 2014. Core concepts of accounting information systems. John Wiley Sons. Smith, M., 2017. Research methods in accounting. Sage. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015. Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Lebanon Essays - Tourism In Lebanon, Roman Colonies, Lebanon

Lebanon Written by: The Prophet Edited by: The Metallian Lebanon, a nation that once proudly called itself the Switzerland of the Middle East, is today a country in name only. Its government controls little more than half of the nation's capital, Beirut. Its once-vibrant economy is a shambles. And its society is fragmented - so fragmented, some believe, that it may be impossible to re-create a unified state responsive to the needs of all its varied peoples. Lebanon lies on the eastern shore of the Mediterranea n Sea, in that part of southwestern Asia known as the Middle East. Because of its location - at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa - Lebanon has been the center of commerce and trade for thousands of years. It has also been on the route of numerous conquering armies. With an area of 4,015 square miles, Lebanon is one of the smallest countries in the Middle East. It is smaller than every state in the United States except Delaware, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Lebanon is sandwiched between Syria in the north and east and Israel in the south. The maximum distance from the nation's northern border to the southern one is only 130 miles. And the maximum distance from the Mediterranean Sea to the Lebanon-Syria border is 50 miles. In the south, along the border with Israel, Lebanon's eastern border is only 20 miles from the sea. Although a tiny land, Lebanon boasts a great diversity in its landscape which makes it one of the most picturesque countries in the world. The coast line is br oken by many bays and inlets of varying size. At some points, the mountains wade silently right into the sea - then climb suddenly tier on tier away from the Mediterranean to the sky. Because of the limitation of flat agricultural land, all but the steepest hillsides have been patiently and neatly terraced and planted with garlands of twisted grapevines. The mountains lend a great variety of hues - pale pink, rosy red, forest green or deep purple - to the landscape. Depending on the time of day, they never appear the same twice, and from time to time whipped white clouds hide all except their snow-capped peaks. Even on the darkest night, the lights of the villages perched on the mountains shine in small clusters as a reminder of their presence. On c loser view, the mountains become a jumble of giant gorges, many of them over a thousand feet deep, with rocky cliffs, steep ravines and awesome valleys. These unassailable bastions have offered a secure hideaway, throughout history, for hermits and persecuted groups seeking refuge. Lebanon has four distinct geographical regions: a narrow - but fertile - coastal plain; two roughly parallel mountain ranges that run the full length of the country - the Lebanon, which rises in the west to an alpine hei ght of 11,000 feet while the eastern range, the anti-Lebanon, is crowned magestically by the snow-capped Mount Hermon at 9,232 feet. The two chains of mountains shelter between them a well-cultivated plateau extending seventy miles in length and fifteen miles in width. This tableland is called the Bekaa. This is a fertile strip of land 110 miles long and six to ten miles wide. Zahle, the third largest city in the country, is in the valley. The country's two most important rivers, the Litani and the Orontes, rise in the northern Bekaa near Baalbek, a city that dates to Roman times. The Litani flows southwest through the Bekaa Valley and then empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Its waters are used for irrigation, so it becomes a mere tr ickle by the time it gets to the sea. The Orontes rises not far from the Litani, but it flows northward between the two mountain ranges, wending its way into Syria. Beyond the Bekaa and the anti-Lebanon mountains, the Syrian desert only stretches east f or about 800 miles to the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This geography has been a determining factor for millenia in keeping Lebanon turned toward the West. The landscape cannot be described without mentioning the most celebrated tree o f Lebanon, the cedar. Called by the Lebanese "Cedar of the Lord," this famed tree retains somewhat of a sacred aura this day. It has become the symbol of Lebanon and appears in the center of the flag, on the coins, and often on postage stamps. Since an cient times the cedar constituted a valuable export which provided King Solomon with timber

Scientific Classification Essays - Botanical Nomenclature

Scientific Classification annon Classification is grouping together similar things. It is something that you have done in your daily life since you were a child. There are many different ways to classify organisms. There are aquatic and terrestrial animals. Certain plants can be grouped together as either trees or shrubs according to their outward appearance. Using these methods is useful for some purposes. Generally it is more useful to classify organisms in accordance with their relationships with one another. More to the point the systems discussed today are the ones used universally and based upon Carolus Linnaeus' original work. Carolus Linnaeus is probably the single most dominant figure in systematic classification. Born in 1707, he had a mind that was orderly to the extreme. People sent him plants from all over the world, and he would devise a way to relate them. At the age of thirty-two he was the author of fourteen botanical works. His two most famous were Genera Plantarum, developing an artificial sexual system, and Species Plantarum, a famous work where he named and classified every plant known to him, and for the first time gave each plant a binomial. This binomial system was a vast improvement over some of the old descriptive names for plants used formerly. Before Linnaeus, Catnip was known as: Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis which is a brief description of the plant. Linnaeus named it Nepeta cataria--cataria meaning, pertaining to cats. The binomial nomenclature is not only more precise and standardized; it also relates plants together, thus adding much interest and information in the name. For instance, Solanum relates the potato, the tomato and the Nightshade. Binomial Classification Early on in naming species taxonomists realized that there would have to be a universal system of nomenclature. Why? For example, it would seem to be a lot less complicated to just give a species a vernacular name that is easy to pronounce. Let's look at the loon of the North American lakes for example. In English it is called the common loon in North America. Seems simple enough, but in England it is called the great northern diver. In French it is plongeon imbrin, in France, and in Quebec le huart a collier. In Spanish it is called somorguajo comun, Islom in Swedish, and Eistaucher in German. So you see how much time and calling the species Gavia immer can save confusion. Binomial classification in its simplest form is a way of naming a species by means of two names both in Latin. (binomial nomenclature) It was first introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. In Binomial classification the first name, which begins with a capital letter is known as the Genus it is always capitalized. The genus is a group of species more closely related to one another than any other group of species. The genus is more inclusive than the species because it often contains many species. The second part of the binomial represents the species itself and is always printed with all letters in lower case. A species is a group of individuals that are alike in many different ways. Individuals are in the same species if they are: 1. Are able to mate with those similar to themselves. 2. Produce young that are themselves able to reproduce. As an example, in the cat family, the genus Panthera is coupled with the species leo to form Panthera leo, the Lion. Likewise, Panthera is coupled with tigris, to form Panthera tigris the Tiger. In simplified terns both the Lion and Tiger share common traits and a common genus - Panthera, whilst clearly remaining separate species. Closely related species are a genus, closely related genera (plural form of genus) are grouped together in a family. Closely related families are grouped into an order, and so on, into more inclusive categories, or levels in the classification hierarchy. Taxonomic Hierarchy Approximately one and a half million species have been classified and there are estimates that over five million species remain to be discovered. For biologists to order this mass of information, a scientific system called taxonomy was introduced. The basic idea is to group species with similar characteristics together into families, and to group the families together into broader groupings. To this end, the taxonomic categories where devised, and they create the taxonomic hierarchy. The hierarchy goes (with an example): *Categories Example Kingdom Animalia Phylum (Plural = Phyla) Cordata *In plants, this category is often called a division* Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Canidae Genus Canis Species Lupus (the Wolf) * Kim Puts Candy Out For Good Students* Every species is in only one genus. Similarly, every genus is in only one family,

Calculating Density - Worked Example Problem

Calculating Density Problem Density is a measure of how much matter is in a space. It is expressed in units of mass per volume, such as g/cm3 or kg/L. This is a worked example of how to calculate the density when given the volume and mass of a substance. Sample Density Problem A brick of salt measuring 10.0 cm x 10.0 cm x 2.0 cm weighs 433 grams. What is its density?Solution:Density is the amount of mass per unit volume, or:D M/VDensity Mass/VolumeStep 1: Calculate VolumeIn this example, you are given the dimensions of the object, so you have to calculate the volume. The formula for volume depends on the shape of the object, but its a simple calculation for a box: Volume length x width x thicknessVolume 10.0 cm x 10.0 cm x 2.0 cmVolume 200.0 cm3Step 2: Determine Density Now you have the mass and the volume, which is all the information you need to calculate density.Density Mass/VolumeDensity 433 g/200.0 cm3Density 2.165 g/cm3Answer:The density of the salt brick is 2.165 g/cm3. A Note About Significant Figures In this example, the length and mass measurements all had 3 significant figures. So, the answer for density should also be reported using this number of significant figures. Youll have to decide whether to truncate the value to read 2.16 or whether to round it up to 2.17.

Hpv types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hpv types - Essay Example This study showed that about 84% of the women had the knowledge regarding HPV with the high awareness amongst the participants of ages between 18 and 26 years. The study included the socioeconomic status and race as an associate of HPV and the HPV vaccine. The non Hispanic and the Hispanic African Americans were not aware of the HPV and the vaccine. (De Villiers et al, 2004) reported that the knowledge predictors regarding HPV and the required vaccine had a high perceived risk for the HPV, cervical cancer personal experience, having parents with a history of health care, and having an appointment of a doctor in the previous year in which the doctor gave the HPV vaccine information. A number of studies have reported the link between the parental intention predictors to the daughter vaccines and the rates of uptake for the HPV vaccine (Doorbar & Gallimore, 1987; Florin et al, 2002). Different studies in this field have reported that the cervical cancer proportion both high and low-grade squamons interaepithelial lesions as a result of the various genotypes of HPV (Harwood & Proby, 2002; Haverkos, H., 2004; Persson, Andersson, & Krantz, 1996) . This study reported some gaps in Africa, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. With an exception of Europe, the other region had eight HPV types. These included HPV 31,33,35,45,52, and 58 which was differed in different regions (Parkin, 2006). From the conducted studies, there are limited studies that have contributed to the topic of the distribution of HPV types and incidence of cervical disease around the world. This review calls for more research on the distribution of HPV types and incidence of cervical disease around the world. This would be vital in determining the potent prophylactic vaccine which can treat higher percentage of cervical cancers irrespective of HPV types. Agorastos,

The Psychodynamic Theory PS240 WK6 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Psychodynamic Theory PS240 WK6 - Term Paper Example According to Freud, the structure of personality consists of three components, which are the id, ego, and superego. The id is in control of instincts that are related to survival and aggression, biological urges, and the need to seek pleasure, which is referred to as the pleasure principle. The id, being illogical, irrational, and driven by impulses, is distinguished by primary process thinking. The second component of personality is the logical and rational ego, which is characterized by secondary process thinking. The reality principle plays a role in the ego’s functions, making it aware that appeasing to impulses cannot always occur due to the demands of the real world. As such, the ego â€Å"manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world (Freud, 2010).† The final component is the superego, which is the part of the personality that maintains the moral standards adapted from society and family. The superego is the purveyor of guilt and force s the ego to adapt to the real world and to concepts of morality. Given the complex structure of personality, Freud noted that the id, ego, and superego are in permanent conflict with one another. Freud claimed that these conflicts most likely dealt with sexual urges and aggressiveness as society has rules surrounding these urges, their prevalence, and how they are tended to. Due to the constant conflicts of these personality components, it is believed that individuals feel anxious when the ego becomes incapable of balancing the demands of both the id and superego. As such, an individual’s personality resorts to unconscious and automatic behaviors known as defense mechanisms to fight against the internal conflicts of their personality. Defense mechanisms include repression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, and regression. Repression is when a thought, feeling, desire, or memory is suppressed so that it becomes unconscious.

Role of Supreme Court in the Control of the Economic Legislation Essay

Role of Supreme Court in the Control of the Economic Legislation - Essay Example Premised on the said fundamental principle on the separation of powers, the Supreme Court in my opinion, should therefore, not be concerned with the wisdom or policy of legislation. The Supreme Court or the judiciary’s proper role should not comprise of economic control through judicial legislation but to properly interpret the law and if necessary to review if such a legislation is consistent with the Constitution. As Justice Harlan explains in his dissenting opinion in the case of Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), to which I believe should have been the correct opinion of the Court, â€Å"the state of New York should not be presumed to have acted in bad faith but presumed to have acted with due deliberation to the fullest attainable information and for the common good.†4 He further explained that the state alone should manage purely domestic affairs unless it appears that such acts of the state violated the Federal Constitution.5 Regulation of working condition s protecting and guarding the health and safety of the people in this case, is and should the primary concern of the state and to which the judiciary should not interfere with.6 As held in US v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 120 S.Ct. 1740 U.S., 2000, the Supreme Court can invalidate a legislative enactment only upon a plain showing that Congress has exceeded its constitutional bounds.

Background Of Rolls Royce Information Technology Essay

Background Of Rolls Royce Information Technology Essay Information Technology now a day is growing in rapid pace. Almost every sector and the activities in this world are being attached with the Information Technology. Business organisations cannot survive in this competitive world without using some form of technology however, they must have to use technology strategically in order to keep their existence for a long term. In this essay I am going to present the case of one of a large, power engine manufacturing organisation ie, Rolls Royce. This essay will discuss about the scenario of Rolls Royce with its system before the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, why the organisation felt need for implementation of ERP and what are the business advantages they are able to get with the strategic implementation of ERP and how. Introduction: Todays business organisations find themselves in a more vibrant and competitive environment. Business leaders have responded to these by laying more emphasis on technology so as to continue with smooth and efficient running of businesses and gaining competitive advantages. Computer based information systems have been very popular in recent years, organisations like Rolls Royce have stake most of the business operations on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). ERP is an information system that integrates financial, material and human resources of an organisation, it also facilitate information flow between different business functions and connection to external stake holders. This paper will seek to desert the implementation of ERP by Rolls Royce, understand the business needs of ERP, and last but not the least the aftermath implementation of ERP. Background of Rolls Royce: Rolls-Royce is a multinational company which manufactures power solutions for the customers in aerospace, marine and energy markets. The founders of this company are Henry Royce and Charles Rolls. The brand name Rolls Royce came after their surnames. The company came into existence about 100 years before. It is first established with the intension of manufacturing the best car in the world. Later on Rolls Royce organisation slowly expands its business in various markets, its name and brand was extended and now it has its manufacturing industries situated in 20 different countries and has its customers in more than 120 countries.  [1]   Now it has became one of the worlds largest power engine manufacturing companies. One of the main reasons behind their success is the strategic use of technology to compete in this business world. Though its main headquarter is in UK 45 % of their employees are based outside the UK. They are running a civil aerospace business from UK with emerging capabilities in Germany and the US. They are growing up day by day. All the transactions, interdepartmental coordination, coordination with their supplier, consumers and customers are maintained well and effectively and it is possible for them only by using modern technologies to communicate, gather and process the information. [Rolls-Royce Group plc, Annual report 2009]. They look forward to their customers need for the next 30 to 40 years and do research in the technology to stay competitive. They are having good market strength with many products and many customers. It produces goods as well as provides services to its customers in fact, services are the most important part of their business it accounts for nearly above half of their revenue every year. So there is the great importance of real time data management which enables them to be predictive and they can immediately react to the issues related to the engine that comes for the service.  [2]   Information System: Information Technology (IT) and Information System (IS) are part of each other. Information system is the computerized program which collects data, processes it and gives the useful information. This information can be used for various purposes to add up the value in the business. It can be used for report generation, planning, decision making, business operation and which further will lead the organisation to obtain competitive advantage. Figure: Strategic Framework  [3]   Information technology has become one of the largest components where organisations are investing their capital. Most of the business organisation are wisely investing large amount of their money in information systems. The wise choice of investment can outperform competitors and if it was the poor choice then it will be nothing more than wasting their valuable capital. [Laudon (2006)]. Today the world is getting smaller and smaller this is because of the information technology and hence competition in the businesses is rising day by day. So to gain the competitive advantage, strategic use of information system is the must no matter it is smaller business organisation or the larger. According to Brooks (2003), adding value to the business means to extend products, decrease the cost, improve the quality of services and products and so on. The reason for adding value to the business is to attract more customers, and keep organisation in a better place in the market. The use of Information technology and information system has become the efficient and more common way for adding value to the organisations of todays business world. Only the use of IT system is not sufficient to add value and to take competitive advantage of it, the strategic use of IT System is the most. According to WU J (n.d.), ERP system is such a strategic tool, which integrates information and infor mation-based processes within and across functional areas in an organization. Rolls Royce was using information system since long. It was using 1500 systems before using ERP (SAP R/3), many of those systems were built internally by Rolls-Royce in last two decades. Those systems were costly to operate and not easy to maintain. They didnt give precise and steady result because these systems were not centralised and using the values from different systems will give inconsistent result. Looking at all these problems Rolls-Royce formed a partnership with electronic data services (EDS) in 1996 and EDS was responsible for the development of ERP for Rolls Royce [Yusuf Y, Gunasekaran A and Abthorpe MS (2004)]. Though there are many implementation difficulties such as cultural difficulties (Training of new system to the employees), business difficulties (modification of working to fit in the ERP) and technical problem (transferring of previous records into the new system and to reach the consistent stage), Rolls Royce needs to implement the ERP because they knew the nec essity of the centralised, robust, accessible and accurate system to gain the competitive advantage and to improve their supply chain. ERP combines all departments together into a single system in a single computer. It uses internet technology and it can be accessed by authorised department and authorised personnel anytime from anywhere so interdepartmental communication can be done easily and efficiently and hence optimizes the time and the cost. Impacts of ERP Implementation in Rolls Royce: According to the annual report (2009) of Rolls Royce Our process excellence and improvement journeys continued throughout 2009. Our joint venture engine overhaul facilities, Hong Kong Aero Engine Services Limited (HAESL) and Singapore Aero Engine Services Limited (SAESL), were the latest to benefit from the rollout of the enterprise resource planning (ERP) and SAP process systems. Rolls Royce has implemented and is making use of information systems very efficiently and effectively that is why they are in the apex of success today. Rolls Royce is making use of ERP for communication, decision making, to manage their business operations, improve value chain, to reduce competitive forces and as a whole to gain competitive advantage. We will now discuss one by one how Management Information System (MIS) like ERP will help the business organisation to gain the advantages maintained above and we will see the impact of using ERP in the Rolls Royce. Communication One of the critical factors which lead the organisation towards its success is the effective communication (intra-organisation and inter-organisation). Employer and managers of todays business organisation must have to be familiar with the effective communication techniques for the success of the organisation. And effective communication has become an important tool for the organisations success. ERP boost the communication between the functional boundaries within the organisation. Rolls Royce is efficiently and effectively using this advantage provided by ERP. Rolls Royce is also a service provider to its customers. When customers demand services to be delivered in more timely and perfect way, organisations must overcome functional boundaries to meet this challenge. Rolls Royce is widely spread in different countries and all of its organisational functions are not carried out in a single place. ERP helps the effective communication within different departments and between their suppliers, customers as well as with their partner organisations. And this obviously adds value to the organisation by reducing the research time, providing the accurate and the optimized reports and minimizing the communication cost. Lets take an example, Rolls Royce uses Suppliermanager website to pull together all the information their supplier needs. They are using SABRe which shows the external part of the Rolls-Royce Quality Management System, and is applicable to all its suppliers or partners who are providing products or services that effect upon Rolls-Royce and its customer requirements.  [4]  By using these strategy of using information system and providing the information, Rolls Royce is minimizing the cost and time for the communication. Decision Making Decision Making is one of the important factors in every business organisation. Again the decision is made with the help of report generated by the Information System. One of the major advantages of using good information system like ERP is that it increases the speed of decision making within an organisation and provides the circumstances to make faultless decisions in strategic, managerial as well as operational level. Lets take the case of Rolls Royce, the legacy systems used in Rolls Royce did not provide accurate, consistent and accessible data that was required for good and timely decision-making and performance assessment. Those old systems mostly did not fit to the modern manufacturing environment. But in the ERP system a data warehouse (integrated collection of data) is created. Data is stored centrally and is extracted from different databases. The data is monitored, edited and then finally standardised for future use. The data is kept in a logical and user friendly format. It also allows nontechnical users to queries the databases which allow and provide the management information for business intelligence and helps Rolls Royce for operational, managerial and strategic decision making [Yusuf Y, Gunasekaran A and Abthorpe MS (2004)]. Business Process Management Business Process is the set of activities carried out by a business organisation that is initiated by an event, transforms information, materials, or business commitments, and produces an output [Harmon (2003)]. Business Process Management is the process of managing the activities of business process. One of the major benefits of using ERP is the business process automation. So, ERP can be very useful for the management of business process, in fact, ERP itself defines the business process because the organisations business process is integrated in the ERP system. Rolls Royce had also faced difficulties to change their business process in order to fit the SAP. But they need to implement the ERP to automate their business process, to access accurate management information in less time and to add value in their supply chain. Value Chain Figure: Value Chain in an Organisation [adapted from: Porter ME (1985); Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press] The value chain model includes the exact activities in business organisation where we can apply the competitive strategies [Porter ME (1985)] and where we can implement the information system effectively to gain competitive advantages. These activities of the organisation defined by value chain model are distinguished in two different categories Primary activities and Supportive activities Primary activities are those activities which are involved in the process of production and distribution of the organisations product and the services. Those activities shown by the value chain model are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing and services. Inbound logistics define the receiving and storing of the materials for the production of the goods. Operations define the process to convert the inputs to the end products. Outbound logistics define the storing and distribution of end product. Sales and marketing describes the promotion and selling of the outbound logistics and last but not the least is the services which includes after sale repair and maintenance of the end products. Supportive activities support for the successful outcome of the primary activities which includes; infrastructure of organisation (administration and management), human resources (recruitment, hiring and training of employees), technology (technology used for the impro vement of product and production process) and procurement (gathering inputs for the organisation) [Laudon (2006)]. ERP system connects every department of the organisation with each other so every activity can be monitored at any time. The information about those activities provided by ERP system is used to find the point in the value chain where the cost can be lowered and value can be added. Moreover, it can be used to tie up the organisations supporting bodies such as suppliers, customers, partner organisations and distributers and the value chain of the organisation will be linked with the value chain of its supporting bodies. The use of the information system for the linkage between value chains will enable the organisation to reduce the cost for inventory and to response the customers demand promptly. Competitive Forces Figure: Competitive Forces [adapted from: Porter ME, Harvard Business review, January 2008] According to Porters competitive force model there are five major forces that are acting upon any business organisation which tries to diminish the organisations performance and these forces must be made ineffective by the organisation in order to survive in the market. These five forces are: Possibility of new entrance of competitor Bargaining power of customer Bargaining power of supplier Substitute products or services Position of the existing competitors Different strategies can be applied to reduce these forces. And use of information system can make ease for the organisation to determine the strategy that should be applied in order to gain the competitive advantage. Rolls Royce has very low risk of new entrants. Because of their brand name and their well establishment make hard for the possible competitor to compete with Rolls Royce. The high initial investment cost will also discourage the threat of new entrants into this market. Rolls-Royce collects real-time data of their engines which are operating all around the world. By analysing, sharing and acting upon this information, they can optimise the performance of their engines in service [Rolls-Royce Group plc, Annual report 2009]. They have such a good information system to take care of the services needed by their customers, which reduces the bargaining power of customers and threat of substitute product and services. Information system in Rolls Royce and their direct communication with the suppliers are also helping them to maintain good relationship with their suppliers minimising their bargaining power. Rolls Royce is operating its business in a very competitive market in response to its competitors such as Pratt and Whitney, General Electric, CFM International. That is why they invest large amount of money for research and technology to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Rolls Royce has developed a balanced business portfolio and continues to maintain a steady focus on improvement in operational performance by modernisation of its facilities and focusing on managing the costs of operations and products. Continual investment in technology and strong protection of intellectual property, together with the establishment of long-term customer relationships, allow the Rolls Royce to make its products and services different from its competitors [Rolls-Royce Group plc, Annual Report 2009]. One of the examples for their investment in technology is the implementation of ERP removing their old systems investing huge amount of money in it. Competitive Advantage In a simple sentence, we can define competitive advantage in the business term as the advantage gained by a company in the market competition with their competitors. Any organisation can gain competitive advantage over their competitor by the following means: Reducing their production cost and then the cost of their product, Improving the quality of their product, Providing good after sale services, By differentiating their products from the product of their competitors, Growth of the company Companies that successfully alter their business around IT can achieve a significant window of competitive advantage [Tapscott D (2004)]. This doesnt mean that all those companies who use IT and IS in their business processes can gain competitive advantage but, the organisation who smartly and strategically use IT and IS will certainly gain the competitive advantage. Rolls Royce is operating in the market which wants them to deliver increased value in terms of cost, quality and delivery performance. So they always try to minimize the cost, increase the quality of their product and promptness in services. Management information system like ERP implemented in Rolls Royce provides the relevant information which directly or indirectly helping them to achieve those advantages. ERP benefits Rolls Royce to control the business operations and helps costs reductions. It is used for real time data management which also helps them to provide good and on time service to their customers. For instance, real time data management enables them to be more predictive they can know when engines are going to come along and they can provide the exact down time for the aircraft and the maintenance. According to the article by Ashford W (2007), the CIO of Rolls Royce, Mr Jonathan Mitchell states that We have traditionally operated factories independently, but the standa rdisation of systems and processes means we can now operate more effectively at the global scale. ERP is the integrated system for business processes so, moving of the factories, expanding the business and production throughout the globe is not so difficult. They have got a different department for the research purpose only, which always works on how to add value to the products? They are trying to make their product different from other competitors by inventing the engines that produce less pollution and without the processed information provided to them it wont be possible for them to carry out these tasks. Conclusion: The niche behind the success of Rolls Royce in its market place is the implementation of the latest technologies and the information system in its business processes, which provide a message to those who think that, investment in the IT and the IS is nothing but just waste of the organisations capital. Rolls Royce were using many systems since long however, looking at the feasibility and importance of ERP in strategic decision making, business process and connecting their departments as well as business functions, they invested large amount of money for developing and implementing ERP system replacing the old systems. The smart integration and implementation of Information System and Information Technology in a business organisation and its processes will lead it to the competitive advantage in its industry. Its very difficult to find any organisation which has faced up to the failure in spite of strategic implementation of IS in its business processes.

YouTube Essay -- Technology, Video, Copyrights

Broadcast Yourself YouTube is an online form of entertainment. While some viewers do not appreciate its format, others enjoy watching and creating videos on YouTube. YouTube videos range from being educational, instructional, comedic to amusing. Creating videos to upload to YouTube is being done by people of all ages from all over the world. According to author Alex K. Rich, â€Å"thirty-eight percent of Americans want to distribute content online.†(Rich 1) YouTube has brought about a new form of high quality amusement and entertainment to a lot of its viewers. YouTube â€Å"is a popular video streaming website that displays uploaded video files created or disseminated by its users† (Belanger 1) writes Craig Belanger in his overview of YouTube. It is free and user friendly which makes it very popular. According to Jennifer Sexton this innovative website was founded by three former PayPal employees who had a â€Å"simple desire to capture short videos and share them with others.† (Sexton 1) While their intentions were not to make money and become a popular website, very quickly YouTube’s popularity increased and it is used by many internet users. According to the viewpoint of Alex K. Rich, â€Å"YouTube has lowered the bar for what is considered entertainment†(Rich 1) It is true that a majority of the videos created and uploaded to YouTube are not professional quality, it is a website that allows submitters of all ages and degrees of creativity to make a video. For example, the Lonelygirl15 videos were â€Å"sho t on a $150 web camera and showed that digital videos could be made by anyone.† (Hirschorn 3) The motto of YouTube is â€Å"Broadcast Yourself.† Michael Hirschorn wrote in his article, â€Å"Thank You, YouTube†, that the â€Å"start of low cost videos and its... ...s become part of the culture of the internet and influences things going on in the world today. As a viewer, people become of what is accepted and what is deemed not worth watching. In â€Å"YouTube: Guide to Critical Analysis†, some of the â€Å"videos that YouTube viewers have watched are 1) Soon after YouTube’s launch, clips from the 2006 Winter Olympics were posted, 2) Pop band OK Go won a 2006 Grammy award for a video that had originally achieved notoriety on YouTube and 3) excerpts from â€Å"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart† were regularly featured on YouTube.† (YouTube: Guide to Critical Analysis 2) So, as long as YouTube exists, while some of the videos will be done by professionals wanting to promote their product, there will always be the submitter who wants to â€Å"broadcast themselves† and upload it, even if it is using their cell phone and the use of their internet.

A Study of Musical Theatre’s Gilbert and Sullivan Essay

Theatre, as we know it, always aims to provoke its audience through emotions, by invoking the muses of comedy and tragedy, and everything else in between. Many names are synonymous to the history and success of theatre, but none comes close to the iconic contributions of Britain’s most illustrious duo, collectively known as Gilbert and Sullivan. Sharp, clever wit and brilliant rhyme have found their rightful places in the theatrical masterpieces composed by renowned playwright William S. Gilbert, and his equally-profound partner, composer Arthur Sullivan. The 1870s marked the beginning of a new ideology in musical theatre, as the partnership brought to the fore previously unheard-of standards that were identified by a mix of intelligence in satire and silliness, as well as melodic instrumentations that complement the passion and creativity of the written word. Such was the success of the outcome that Gilbert and Sullivan managed to pioneer and influence generations of theatre innovations, and eventually, become a solid pillar in both British and American popular culture. Musical comedy writers, Broadway lyricists, literary authors and composers—and even important names in politics and government—are just some of those who have credited Gilbert and Sullivan for a number of their works. Through the excellent vision of production genius Richard D’Oyly Carte, the impressive collaborations of Gilbert and Sullivan were set to stage. The Savoy Theatre in London, Carte’s headquarters, became the setting for many of the duo’s memorable musicals. Innovative from the beginning, The Savoy was the first theatre in the world to utilize electricity, and summoned theatre-goers all over to sample this taste of technology as well as the brilliance of Gilbert and Sullivan’s works, which were later aptly named â€Å"Savoy Operas† (Kenrick, 2000-2003). The Gilbert and Sullivan era spanned from 1871 to 1896, and between them they were able to create fourteen critically-acclaimed and hugely popular masterpieces—counting The Mikado, Pirates of Penzance, and H. M. S. Pinafore as the most widely-received. II. William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, The Beginning The young William Gilbert (1836-1911) was the son of a naval surgeon by profession, and a writer by interest. He jumpstarted his son’s juvenile career by allowing the boy to accompany his articles with illustrations; William soon found his own talent for writing, and came up with his own compositions. These writings, called Bab Ballads, would later find their way into some of Gilbert and Sullivan’s most acclaimed musicals. Gilbert’s Bab Ballads were known for their unique use of humor played out through logic (Classic Gilbert and Sullivan). Mike Leigh, English film and theatre director, concludes this style to be decidedly one that had Gilbert’s signature, where the establishment of the strange, absurd, and otherwise unacceptable concept would be expertly formed into perfect examples of reason and truth—all done with a bite of silliness metamorphosing into deadpan prose. On the other hand, the musical inclinations of Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900) also had strong parental influences—his father was a bandmaster with the military, and the then 8-year-old Arthur had already become expert in all the band instruments. In 1856, after concluding his initial attempts of composing songs and anthems in school, Arthur proceeded to claim the first Mendelssohn Prize, and took further studies in composition and conducting at the Royal Academy of Music, as well as in Leipzig. He performed his 1861 graduation piece, an ode to William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, at the Crystal Palace; this earned him the prestige of being heralded as the country’s most promising young composer. Among Sullivan’s applauded works early in his career were The Masque at Kenilworth (1842), The Prodigal Son (1869), On Shore and Sea (1871), and a ballet entitled L’lle Enchantee (1864) (Classic Gilbert and Sullivan). William Gilbert’s and Arthur Sullivan’s paths crossed as they attended a rehearsal of the play Ages Ago, where the composer Frederic Clay made introductions. A couple of years after that, Gilbert and Sullivan made their first foray as co-creators of what would be a uniquely wonderful style admired by the whole world. III. Gilbert and Sullivan and the Comic Opera A staple of English theatre during the Edwardian era, the comic opera’s origins come from 18th-century Naples, in Italy. Known as intermezzi, short comic routines were used to end the bigger acts, and enjoyed much popularity that they were later written to exist on their own. The final output was the comic opera, the concept of which was soon transported to Paris, where it easily claimed the approval of French dramatists and audiences. However, the same could not be said upon its arrival on English territory, for theatre professionals and enthusiasts at the time were still more interested in evolving the popular Ballad Opera and the newer form of Music Hall; the latter was introduced to fill the need for a lighter, less serious entertainment style. Finally, in 1871, the comic opera was launched in London’s Gaiety Theatre, through the production of Thespis; or the Gods Grown Old. This not only marked a new chapter in British theatre, but also the first entry of the long-running collaboration of musical theatre’s most prestigious partnership—Gilbert and Sullivan. It all started with the efforts of John Hollingshead, then manager of the Gaiety Theatre, who employed Gilbert’s expertise to write the libretto of his theatre’s 1871 Christmas musical. They had worked together once before, on the burlesque Robert the Devil which also ran in Gaiety. To complete the requirement for the musical, Hollingshead contacted Sullivan, who was then still inexperienced in stage production. This first encounter produced Thespis, but was initially given much criticism and low confidence in the team. Four years later, the producer Carte would bring them back together to create Trial By Jury; the resulting 300 performances declared it a resounding success, as well as a much-awaited approval of the partnership. Perhaps the foremost appeal of Gilbert and Sullivan’s works had much to do with their ability to poke fun and humor at establishment, as well as current social and political issues. This was a high time for patriotism in Britain, and the British audience’s validation of the comic operas sealed the career success of the duo. Much of the credit would also have to go to the newness of concept and execution of each piece, that even foreign audiences understood and appreciated the essence of every performance. To this day, comic opera will always be defined by Gilbert and Sullivan—they truly made it their niche, and those that attempted to surpass or equal their achievements failed to do so (Gillan, 2007). Of the fourteen collaborative works of the famed partnership, many were lauded as icons of comic opera. These were the celebrated productions of Thespis: or the Gods Grown Old, Trial By Jury (1975), The Sorcerer (1877), and of course, the previously-mentioned The Mikado, Pirates of Penzance, and H. M. S. Pinafore. Thespis: or the Gods Grown Old, being Gilbert and Sullivan’s first collaboration, had no real indications of the phenomenal future awaiting its two creators. Yet the classic Gilbert and Sullivan format was already applied in the work, by setting the opera in the mythical Mount Olympus. In the story, the gods have all grown old and the celestial buildings were all in a state of ruin. Then a group of actors and their leader named Thespis went up the mountain to have a picnic, and noticed the sad condition of the place. Thespis gets into a deal with Jupiter, agreeing that his group would take on the work of the tired gods, provided that Mercury would remain to brief them of their duties. But things do not go as planned, and Mercury only noted all complaints. When the gods on break finally return, they discover the unsatisfactory results and banish the group back to earth. 1875’s Trial By Jury made use of an old legal procedure as the main idea, specifically a ‘breach of promise’ trial. This often took place in earlier times, when a man could be summoned to court and sued for taking back a marriage proposal. The characters included a dashing, worldly bachelor and the woman who called for the hearing, a maiden dressed in wedding attire. An all-male jury and an unscrupulous judge round up the cast, with the woman directing her flirtations toward the jury but would end up receiving a proposal from the judge himself—as a way to resolve the case. The storyline established prevailing comic themes that would later be present in most of Gilbert and Sullivan’s works: (1) true and undying love may come from and end in unexpected sources and directions; (2) the existence of politicians who achieved their public status by charming and lying their way through, and (3) aversion for mature women, specifically those over 40—which is, in truth, a nod to patriarchy and sexism. Two years later, Gilbert and Sullivan produced The Sorcerer, which featured a man of magic who brings chaos and confusion to a tiny English village by creating a love potion. In many ways, The Sorcerer made a satire of class distinction and social propriety, which were standard elements in Victorian society. Yet in true Gilbert and Sullivan style, the output was of inimitable wit and class that the references were not declared offensive at all—so much was its success that aside from its own numerous showings, The Sorcerer was staged even as far as America, albeit unauthorized. And while the opera’s theme could have been translated by the French through a multitude of sexual innuendos and references played out by unreal, fantastic characters, Gilbert and Sullivan designed The Sorcerer with roles that were utterly believable and credible—the kind of people that actually exist in everyday life, that the British audience could identify. The penchant for poking fun at British social conventions became Gilbert and Sullivan’s running objective, and in 1878 they again succeeded in producing a successful show that audiences celebrated. H. M. S. Pinafore once again uses love as a theme, but a deeper reading would reveal that the opera tackles the discussion of England’s class society. With the narrative centering on the daughter of a naval captain’s rejection of the Secretary of the Navy—the highest-ranking man of uniform—for the affections of a common sailor, H. M. S. Pinafore showcases the reality of a person born into a particular class, and the availability of options based on this system. It is also a criticism of their society’s double standard on the issue of marriage; they patronize literature’s ideals about love conquering all, while in real life they disapprove of unions between people of different social classes. This time, audiences were not as forgiving as they were with The Sorcerer—the prevailing adherence and respect for the British class system caused low ticket sales. That, as well as the unrelenting hot weather pulled Gilbert and Sullivan’s celebrity down—for a moment. During Sullivan’s summer concerts, he came up with the smart strategy to include several medleys of his Pinafore score; the result was a revived interest in the opera, and eventually sales and attendance reached phenomenal heights. Such was the success of the opera that it encouraged Carte to involve Gilbert and Sullivan in the actual business, dividing all production expenses and sales profits among the three of them. From this point on, Gilbert and Sullivan were given decision-making authority in all their productions. However, because of the opera’s impact on the British audiences, many unauthorized production of Pinafore were staged, particularly in the United States, where international copyright laws were not yet in place. To assert ownership, Carte brought the production overseas where it enjoyed a brief yet successful run in Broadway, and made sure that Gilbert and Sullivan’s works were covered by copyright laws in the country. Carte had this foremost on his mind when Gilbert and Sullivan came up with yet another opera destined for iconic status, 1880’s Pirates of Penzance. This time, Carte protected the production rights both in Britain and New York, which established the legal precedents still observed today. The move has benefited playwrights and writers all over the world, with this initial case on intellectual property rights. Love as an ideal is again the running theme in Penzance, as the story explores the adventures of a young man named Frederick who, by no choice of his own, worked under the tutelage of a group of pirates. As luck would have it, he falls for the daughter of a Major General—a momentous experience that drove him to make up for his previous deeds by eliminating the pirates he used to be associated with. The pirates in question actually turned out to be noblemen who made the wrong choices in life; in the end, they, including Frederick, all take the Major’s many daughters as their wives. There was no stopping the success of Gilbert and Sullivan, and they forged on to firmly claim their place in popular culture. Several productions were created, among them Patience (1881), which told of the poet’s charm and magnetism, a surefire way to get his way with the women, except for the one he wants—who is but a simple milkmaid. Written as a comedy, Patience ultimately focused on aestheticism, which referred to an artist’s or writer’s obsession with beauty. Carte employed a brilliant marketing strategy to promote the production, with the assistance of famed writer Oscar Wilde. The writer was tasked to do the lecture circuit around the United States, to provide a full background on this new ideology, and to ensure public awareness of the opera. Not surprisingly, this tactic resulted in positive financial reaction. With Patience, Gilbert and Sullivan introduced another innovation, this time with the characters of the opera narrative and the songs assigned to them. In their previous works, the duo’s main goal to put a message across was met; the technical level of the story itself remained the way it was from their early projects. Not the kinds to stay within their comfort zones, Gilbert and Sullivan expanded their competencies as playwrights by integrating the characters with music—producing songs and personalities that were exclusive to each other, and the situations they were in. Comic opera was what people called the Gilbert and Sullivan theatre style; in reality, it was the birth of the integrated musical. The partnership, while perfect on an intellectual realm, was slowly revealing its cracks caused by the personal differences of the two artists. Gilbert was apparently so taken with the love potion plot—which he successfully delivered in The Sorcerer—and wanted to create another opera using the same idea. This was not taken positively by Sullivan, who soon decided, on impulse, to focus more on serious projects. Of course, Gilbert did not take this well either, and the beginning of what would be a personal feud between the two took its place. Carte tried to remedy the situation by staging a rerun of The Sorcerer, only as a stopgap measure for further rifts that may damage company existence and operations. Fate once again played a major role in the succeeding events, because the partnership was saved by a mundane object—a Japanese sword. It fell from the wall of Gilbert’s study and almost hit him, but instead of dismissing the incident, Gilbert took inspiration from it. This set the tone and plot for Gilbert and Sullivan’s most popular opera to date. The Mikado, staged in 1885, carried the same elements that had made the duo famous: love, and social commentary; with a generous helping of humor and wit. The plot itself was hilarious—it was a scenario questioning what would happen when the Emperor of Japan, know as the Mikado, passes a decree declaring flirting as illegal, and punishable by law. The townsfolk of Titipu refused to follow the new ruling, and consequently appointed Koko, a condemned tailor, as Lord High Executioner. Strangely, the condition for this appointment was for Koko to be beheaded, as he was proven guilty of violating the new law, unless he finds someone to behead first. Koko manages to find someone to execute, and that was the traveling minstrel named Nanki-Poo, who actually agrees with Koko only if he is allowed to marry the beautiful Yum-Yum—Koko’s fiance. Nanki-Poo was given a month to enjoy the wedded life before he was beheaded and Koko can finally marry Yum-Yum. But soon an old woman named Katisha appears, a representative of the royal court, and announces that Nanki-Poo is really the crown prince—guilty of the crime, as he had flirted with her and tried to escape execution by hiding in the small town. Eventually, the Mikado himself arrives and declares that his goal for decreeing such an inane ruling was to let the punishment fit the crime. More misunderstandings and deceptions came afterwards, but in the end everyone lives happily ever after. Gilbert and Sullivan decided to use Japan as a setting to create a satire about the British penchant for all things Japanese, during the 1880s. And because it was brilliantly written and the references to British pretensions and petty customs subtle and discreet, audiences failed to make any negative observations and promptly applauded the performance. Exporting The Mikado to the United States was the right thing to do, for it replicated the success of H. M. S. Pinafore and drove Americans into a Japanese frenzy. The Mikado is the sole musical by Gilbert and Sullivan that had been performed in a variety of languages, and is also their only work that spawned a diplomatic controversy. In 1907, the Crown Prince of Japan came over for a state visit, and immediately the British government ordered a ban on The Mikado; only to discover that one of the Prince’s objectives in visiting Britain was to watch the musical. To this day, The Mikado is still widely produced and staged worldwide. However, the problem with having a major success in one’s name is the pressure to produce another one of equal or greater impact. In 1887, Gilbert and Sullivan staged Ruddigore, which entailed more melodrama than their previous collaborations. It truly was an accomplished piece, but audiences kept comparing it with The Mikado. Once more, Sullivan was disheartened by this turn of events and threatened to leave the industry altogether and focus on classical compositions instead. Gilbert tried to change his mind with a new libretto, one that was not an echo of their old work. With The Yeomen of the Guard, an operetta set during the reign of Henry VIII, romance was played out within the constraints of political controversies, as well as the possibility of execution. Sullivan, satisfied with the proposition, proceeded to create a score punctuated with melodrama and emotion, while Gilbert reinvented himself and his style by veering from his usual whimsical comic dialogue. Serious was the best word to use to describe Yeoman, and this became a personal favorite of Sullivan. The monarchy did not escape the sharp wit of the two, either. In 1889, Gilbert and Sullivan resurrected their signature comic style with the staging of The Gondoliers. A story of a couple of anti-royalist gondoliers from Venice who ironically discover that they have suddenly become kings of a country in the midst of a revolution, Gilbert and Sullivan once again mixed fun and comedy to discuss the idiosyncrasies of the royals and the issues of democracy. The Gondoliers became an instant international hit. No less than the public-shy Queen Victoria requested for several private performances of The Gondoliers, which validated the immense contribution of Gilbert and Sullivan to musical theatre. But the personal differences between the two icons continued to get in the way of their professional relationship. Some were serious concerns, yet some were downright trivial—such as the argument over the cost of newly-installed carpets in the Savoy Theatre. Carte and his wife ultimately chose to take Sullivan’s side, which resulted in their production of Ivanhoe, Sullivan’s grand opera. However, this project failed to achieve any semblance of financial success; which was a mirror of Gilbert’s own experience when he went back to writing his own plays. Several years later, the three business partners tried to put everything aside and reconcile, but sadly, they were never able to bring back their glory days. Still, they managed to produce Utopia Limited (1893), another satire of Britain’s unsuccessful efforts in its dealings with other countries; and The Grand Duke (1896), featuring a theatre group’s attempts to claim power in a problematic Germany. Both productions were of the same make and quality as their previous ones, but neither enjoyed substantial performance durations because of expensive production costs. More than that, it was already apparent that Gilbert and Sullivan no longer had the fresh and intriguing style and creativity that had earned them the respect of audiences worldwide (Kenrick, 2000-2003). IV. Reviews Interesting to note are the reviews made for each of Gilbert and Sullivan’s operas, as made by many critics and journalists during the time. Some of the takes of these writers were documented and used as reference, in order to validate the creative contribution given by the duo. One review for Thespis on its opening night in 1871 commended Gilbert and the magnificent storyline he created, as well as the audience’s superb reception of the play. Credits were specifically given to the talent showcased (Perry, 2001). A Trial By Jury review was not truly exciting—while the critic commended the acting and singing done by the performers, it was the â€Å"lateness of the hour† that possibly accounted for the audience’s lackluster reaction (Perry, 2001). H. F. Frost reviewed The Sorcerer in 1877, and emphasized the effective combination of literary merit and dramatic consistency as created by Gilbert and Sullivan, except that their attempts to subtly mix burlesque and opera was not entirely acceptable. Points were given to the theme of exploring human nature’s weaknesses and imperfections (Perry, 2000). It is evident that H. M. S. Pinafore was a huge crowd favorite, as revealed by a review published in 1878. Pinafore was commended for the use of burlesque but had more humor and charm over Trial By Jury and The Sorcerer. The satire and libretto were both noted, and gave Gilbert and Sullivan credit for managing to pull it off without great offense to the public. The actors were also adjudged suited to their roles, and the musical one that will remain in the bills for a long time (Perry, 2001). A review made in 1880 of Pirates of Penzance saw it as having several allusions to H. M. S. Pinafore, particularly in the similarities of some of the characters. But the audience was not put off by that observation, and still applauded the cynicism and wit of Gilbert’s words as well as the charm of Sullivan’s music (Perry, 2000). V. The Final Years Though they never really regained their old camaraderie, Gilbert and Sullivan remained civil to each other until the end. In 1888, Sullivan was granted knighthood, and the former colleagues shared the same stage once more during revivals of their old classics were produced. Later, Sullivan collaborated with other writers to produce several critically-acclaimed operas, including The Emerald Isle in 1900. Sullivan finally passed away at the age of 58, due to a bout of severe bronchitis. Gilbert, on the other hand, got his second wind at the dawn of the new century, with a notable output of librettos and plays. He eventually received his knighthood in 1907, which was long overdue, but allowed him to experience being touted as a British national living treasure. At age 74, while saving a girl from drowning in his own estate, Gilbert was struck by a fatal heart attack. This happened in late May 1911. The great producer Carte succumbed to the permanent effects of illness in 1901, but his opera company was continued by Helen, his wife, and their son Rupert and his wife. They revived the most acclaimed works of Gilbert and Sullivan throughout the years, until the company closed in 1983 due to financial problems. But Bridget, Rupert’s wife, left a considerable amount of money to allow a new group of theatre producers to form a new company, which still stages revivals of the famous musicals of Gilbert and Sullivan to this day. VI. The Gilbert and Sullivan Legacy The achievements of Gilbert and Sullivan were nothing less than national milestones, particularly in the reality of class-conscious Britain. The brilliant wit, humor, and music created by the duo gained popularity with all class levels of society, which was a feat it itself. Apart from that, the team’s theatre philosophy transformed the standard musical preferences to be more attune to popular music, and less concentration on the obscure and exclusive. However, Carte’s company refused to grant performers and directors the freedom to modify each production—every staging had to adhere to the set guidelines of the original team. Critics and audiences could only imagine how fresh eyes and new voices would be able to interpret the tried-and-tested pieces (Wren, 2001). Britain respected the legacy of Gilbert and Sullivan, and their standards of musical theatre bore into all productions made in the late 1800s. George Edwardes, a producer of comic operas, proved to be the duo’s strongest competitor. He started with the success of Dorothy in 1886, which included a ballad entitled â€Å"Queen of My Heart†, that broke all records—even running longer than any of Gilbert and Sullivan’s musicals. But what made Edwardes a respected name was his discovery of a new technique with his production of The Gaiety Girls, a musical named after the famous London theatre. This musical comedy featured many of Gilbert and Sullivan’s standard elements, making it a manifestation of the partnership’s influence on the art. The Gaiety Girls, like most of Gilbert and Sullivan’s operas, carried a theme of love gained and lost. But these musicals only had two general narratives—a poor girl in love with a rich man, and wins him in the end, even in the presence of adversities; and a poor girl who attempts to get out of a marriage she did not want, prompting her to involve other characters on a chase. The music and titles of these musicals all had the same essence, which were really just variations on a theme. Interestingly, the seeming monotony of these musicals were greatly appreciated by the audiences and critics, who preferred them exactly as they were. But these productions could never stand up against the works of Gilbert and Sullivan, particularly those that had traveled to the United States. This fact awakened the British audience from their stupor, as they had to acknowledge the international receipt of their own culture (Morley, 1987). Needless to say, the Gilbert and Sullivan operas consistently received much acclaim from their American audiences; the staging of H. M. S. Pinafore started a nationwide craze aptly called â€Å"Pinafore-mania†. Typical of Americans, the music and songs of Pinafore quickly entered the realm of popular culture, and were included in regular talk. The classic line â€Å"What never? Well, hardly ever! † from Pinafore became standard replies of people all over, and the phrase â€Å"short, sharp stock† that was used in The Mikado to mean â€Å"of severe punishment† was borrowed by various writers, artists, commentators and bands. Perhaps the most celebrated American production of a Gilbert and Sullivan original was Pirates of Penzance, which found its way to Broadway in 1981 and enjoyed a run that broke production and staging records. Gilbert, in particular, would often be cited by popular American writers, such as Johnny Mercer, Larry Hart, Alan Jay Lerner, and Stephen Sondheim. Mercer was even quoted as saying, â€Å"We all come from Gilbert†, and Sondheim made a tribute to the famous librettist in â€Å"Please Hello† from his work Pacific Overtures (1976). It is probably not far-fetched to assume that Gilbert and Sullivan’s work lent sophistication and class to the existing brand of musicals then; soon after, new generations of musical talents appeared, putting the USA on top of the list. The Boston Ideal Opera Company, more popularly known as The Bostonians, made the rounds of theatres all over the country, and were received well for their outstanding performances. They included in the repertoire several original American musicals, but were known for their productions of Gilbert and Sullivan works. A listing of American originals that took after the Gilbert and Sullivan tradition is as follows: El Capitan (1896) by John Philip Sousa The Begum (1887) and Robin Hood (1891) by librettist Harry B, Smith and composer Reginald DeKoven The Highwayman (1897), again by Reginald DeKoven (Gillan, 2007). VII. The Gilbert and Sullivan Influence The influence of Gilbert and Sullivan extended all the way to other forms of art ad communication, which included literary works of famous writers. References to their collaborations are found in the work of writer Isaac Asimov, who wrote a number of stories centered on the puzzles and mysteries of the duo’s operas. One such story was of time travel, where one had to go back in the 1800s to rescue the score to Gilbert and Sullivan’s Thespis (Asimov, 1978). â€Å"The Year of the Action† engaged a debate over the actual date of the action in Pirates of Penzance. A story in Asimov’s famous I, Robot, â€Å"Runaround†, had a character singing parts of songs from Ruddigore, Patience, and Pinafore. Cleverly, Asimov concluded his homage to the duo with his story â€Å"The Up-To-Date Sorcerer†, which was obviously a parody of The Sorcerer. Legendary British author P. G. Wodehouse was also known to cite Gilbert and Sullivan in his writings, and more often exclusively referred to Gilbert. His novels and short stories included numerous allusions to the team’s work, many to Gilbert’s early Bab Ballads (Robinson, 2006). The film industry also found the works of Gilbert and Sullivan great material for a wealth of movies. Many of their musicals were adapted into films, including the actors who originally performed in the theatre versions. The Mikado was adapted into a movie in 1939, in full color, for which it won several awards. Also, many films made use of scores composed for a number of Gilbert and Sullivan musicals, including The Matchmaker (1958), I Could Go On Singing (1963), The Naughty Victorians (1975), The Bad News Bears Go To Japan (1978), Chariots of Fire (1981), The Adventures of Milo and Otis (1989), The Browning Version (1994), and The Hand That Rocks The Cradle (1992). Television is also another medium that has embraced the Gilbert and Sullivan talent. From The Simpsons to Frasier, from Angel to The West Wing, the duo’s music has been showcased in a variety of scenes and episodes. There was even a show dedicated to spoofs of Gilbert and Sullivan musicals, entitled The Star of Christmas. Video games such as Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas also had visual references of Gilbert and Sullivan’s works, particularly of Pirates of Penzance. Outside of media, many personalities in politics also found good material in the team’s celebrated works to promote their platforms and ideologies. A â€Å"short, sharp stock† remains to be a popular mainstay in many manifestos and debates. VIII. On A Personal Level Though their professional partnership was truly accomplished and proven time and again, it was the personal relationship of Gilbert and Sullivan that had suffered the most. Collaborations may or may not be successful if the participants are friends; however, artists like Gilbert and Sullivan probably see no boundaries between who they are and what they do. Sullivan was not rich, and as he grew up he mad it a point to mingle with the rich and influential. He met Gilbert, and immediately discovered the parallels in drive and talent in both of them. However, he also saw something else—that Gilbert’s friendship could be the means for him to make his career flourish. Sullivan had many other powerful friends, including Queen Victoria, who advi

Informative Speech Dreams Essay Example

Informative Speech Dreams Essay Example Informative Speech Dreams Essay Informative Speech Dreams Essay the part that interprets images stays wide awake. So, basically, your brain gets down to business, Eng to makes sense of all the bits of memory and imagination. The human brain is a mysterious little ball of gray matter. After all these y , researchers are still baffled by many aspects of how and why it operates like it does. Scientists have b performing sleep and dream studies for decades now, and we still arent 100 percent sure about the if on of sleep , or exactly how and why we dream. There are several theories as to why we dream. One is this names work hand in hand with sleep to help the brain sort through everything it collects during the waking ours. Your brain is met with hundreds of thousands, if not millions of inputs each day. Some are mini sorry details like the color Of a passing car, while others are far more complex, like the big presentation e putting together for your job. During sleep, the brain works to plow through all of this information to dc what to hang on to and what to forget. Some researchers feel like dreams play a role in this process. These rises are just guesses but there is some research to back up the ideas that dreams are tied to how h, Oromo memories. Studies indicate that as were learning new things in our waking hours, dreams increase w we sleep. Participants in a dream study who were taking a language course showed more dream act Han those who were not. Another theory is that dreams typically reflect our emotions. During the d our brains are working hard to make connections to achieve certain functions. When posed with a tough h problem, your brain is incredibly focused on that one thing. And the brain doesnt only serve me functions. If youre building a bench, your brain is focused on making the right connections to allow you ends to work in concert with a saw and some wood to make an exact cut. The same goes for simple task e hitting a nail with a hammer. Have you ever lost focus and smashed your finger because your mind was else where? Some have proposed that at night everything slows down. We arent required to focus on anything during sleep, so our brains make very loose con injections. Its during sleep that the emotions of the day battle it out in our dream cycle. If something is weighing heavily on your mind during the day, chances are you might dream about it either specifically, or through obvious imagery. For instance, if youre worried about losing your job to company downsizing, you may dream youre a shrunken person living in a woo RL of giants, or youre wandering aimlessly through a great desert abyss. Theres also a theory, define tell the least intriguing of the bunch, that dreams dont really serve any function at all, that theyre just a poi nettles byproduct of the brain firing while we slumber. We know that the rear portion of our brain gets pretty y active during ERM sleep, when most dreaming occurs. Some think that its just the brain winding down for the night and that dreams are random and meaningless firings of the brain that we dont have when we re awake. The truth is, as long as the brain remains such a mystery, we probably wont be able to pinpoint w tit absolute certainty exactly why we dream.

7 Ways Private School Prepares You for College

7 Ways Private School Prepares You for College When students apply to private school, it’s often with the ultimate goal of getting into a top college. But how exactly does private school prepare you for college? 1. Private Schools Offer Exceptional Academics The Association of Boarding Schools (TABS) researched just how prepared students were for college. When asked, students who attended both boarding schools and privates reported that they were more prepared for college both academically and in non-academic areas than those who attended public school. Private school students were also more likely to earn an advanced degree, with boarding school students coming in with the highest percentage of advanced degrees earned. Why is this? One reason is that private schools are designed to help students develop a love of learning, which means that they are more likely to continue their schooling beyond high school and undergraduate college. 2. Private Schools are Rigorous It’s not uncommon to hear a private school graduate come back from their first year at college saying that it was easier than high school. Private schools are rigorous, and demand a lot of students. These high expectations result in students developing strong work ethics and time management skills. Private schools often require that students participate in two or three sports and afterschool activities, while also offering clubs and activities, in addition to their academics. This heavy schedule means time management skills and a schoolwork/life balance are skills that students master before college. 3. Boarding School Students Learn Independence Students who attend boarding school receive an even better preview of college life, more so than students at a day school. Why? Because boarding school students live in dorms on campus, instead of at home with their families, they learn what it’s like to live independently, but in a more supportive environment than you might find at college. Dorm parents at boarding school play an active role in the lives of boarding students lives, providing guidance and encouraging independence as they learn to live on their own. From laundry and room cleanliness to waking up on time and balancing work and social life, boarding school challenges students to make responsible decisions. 4. Private Schools are Diverse Private schools typically offer more diversity than public schools, as these institutions tend to enroll students from not just one town. Boarding schools go even further, welcoming students from all over the world. Like colleges, diverse environments tend to provide rich experiences, as students live and learn with people from all walks of life. These varied perspectives on current events, lifestyles, and even pop culture references can enhance the academic classroom and broaden personal understanding of the world. 5. Private Schools have Highly Qualified Teachers The TABS study also shows that boarding school students are more likely to report having high-quality teachers than private or public schools. At boarding school, teachers are so much more than just classroom teachers. They are often coaches, dorm parents, advisors, and support systems. It’s common for boarding school students to stay in touch with their teachers long after graduation. Private school teachers typically dont just have teaching certificates, in fact, many private schools value experience over a teaching certificate. Private school teachers tend to have advanced degrees in their subject areas, and often have extensive professional backgrounds in their teaching subjects. Imagine learning physics from an actual engineer, or being coached by a former professional player? Private schools strive to hire the best in the business, and the students benefit greatly. 6. Private Schools Provide Personal Attention Most private schools boast small class sizes. At private schools, an average class size is often between 12 and 15 students, whereas the NCES reports that an average classroom ranges from about 17-26 students, depending on grade level and type of class. These smaller class sizes, which sometimes have more than one teacher, especially in kindergarten programs and primary school programs, mean more personal attention for students, no back row, and no chance of getting overlooked in discussions. Private school teachers are also expected to be available outside of normal class times for extra help, especially at boarding schools. This supportive environment  means  students receive even more opportunities for success. 7. Private Schools Help Students Apply to College Another benefit of boarding school, particularly when it comes to preparing for college, is the assistance students, and their parents, receive in the college application process. College Counseling offices work with students and their families to help find the best fit colleges and universities. As juniors, and sometimes even as freshmen or sophomores, students begin to work with qualified college counselors who help guide them through the college application process. From providing help with researching colleges and universities to reviewing financial aid and scholarships, college counselors work to help students find the schools that will help them thrive. With more than 5,000 colleges and universities in the United States, college counseling services can be invaluable to students and their families. Assistance in finding the right college doesnt just mean finding a school that offers a particular major, either. Private schools also help students capitalize on their strengths during the college admission process. College counselors can help students identify schools with targeted sports or art programs, which can be  helpful if scholarships are available. For example, a student who hopes to eventually pursue an MBA may opt for a college with a strong business school. But, that same student may also be a standout soccer player, and so finding a college with both a strong business program and an active soccer program can be a huge help. Boarding school coaches are often involved in helping student athletes get seen by top college recruiters, which could result in an athletic scholarship to play on an athletic team. College is expensive, and every bit of financial aid support can be a huge help in staving off mounds of student loans.