The Effects of Earthquakes on People and Property Essay

The Effects of Earthquakes on People and Property - Essay Example They believed that the earth floats on the sea and whenever it is agitated, earthquakes are produced. And, the best story that portrays the damages caused by earthquakes is that of the people from Peru. They believe that earthquakes occur whenever their god visits the earth to count the number of people in it. As he does so, the people leave their houses in order to help him finish his work faster and keep themselves safe at the same time. Even now, in the present, people have created some myths that describe the damages caused by earthquakes. One of them is that of the Swallowing Earth which theorized that a chasm can form along the fault and anything and anyone in that vicinity can be swallowed by the earth. No one, however, has been reported to have died from such a fate. Contrary to the myths that were presented in this introduction, this paper will focus on the documented damages caused by earthquakes. The two major effects caused by earthquakes are shaking and ground rupture. This can lead to damages to buildings and other rigid structures. The intensity of the damage is defined by the magnitude of the earthquake, the distance of the area from the epicenter or the origin of an earthquake, and the geological and geomorphological conditions of the location which can significantly increase or decrease the propagation of the waves generated by an earthquake. When there is an earthquake, the area where the epicenter is located is usually the most damaged. This can be clearly described by a graph made by a Japanese engineer, Shigeru Tani, that showed the relationship of the damage percentage of the fill dams in Japan to the distance of the epicenter. According to the graph, the farther the fill dams are from the epicenter, the lesser the damage is. There are some exceptions to this rule, however. There are times when the biggest damage can occur away from the epicenter. A very good example would be the Denali Fault Earthquake in Alaska which happened in November 3, 2002. In this case, the area 330 kilometers away from the epicenter received the greatest damage. Since the location was sparsely populated, there were no deaths and there was little damage on the structures. A facility which is 40 miles from the eastern part of the fault rupture was damaged such that it was no longer usable. This was the runway of the Northway Airport which was damaged by lateral spreading and sand boils. Fortunately, none of the oil pipes in the ruptured areas were destroyed during the earthquake. The worst thing about earthquakes is that they do not choose the structures that they bring down. Many buildings, dams and roads have been damage by earthquakes. Even historical sites are not saved from this disaster. In Israel, an earthquake which has an intensity of 5.3, shook the Temple Mount, opening up a large hole. In addition to the damages caused by shaking and ground rupture, earthquakes can also cause landslides and avalanches. A very good example of this is the January 13 earthquake in El Salvador which had an intensity of

Theorising Social Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theorising Social Life - Essay Example Howard Becker (1963) not only worked on the concept of symbolic interaction, but he also analyzed the effect of social construction on the identity and actions of people. The Labeling Theory mentioned in the Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963) by Becker, theorizes that â€Å"deviance is based on the reactions and responses of others to an individual’s act (Becker 1963).† According to Becker (1963), â€Å"deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an â€Å"offender.† The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label† (Orcutt 2002). An individual is labeled as a deviant when the people around the individual study their behavior and as a result label that individual as a deviant. As Becker (1963) states clearly, â€Å"no particular act is inherently deviant until a group with socially powerful statuses or positions label it as such† (Kyvsgaard 2003). Furthermore, Becker suggests that deviance approach should be concerned with active interactionist concept rather than cause-and-effect relationships between inert variables. He states that â€Å"all causes do not operate at the same time, and we need a model which takes into account the fact that patterns of behavior develop in an orderly sequence (Becker 1963)†. Becker takes the concept of career in the labeling theory to explain deviance more clearly. In Outsiders, this concept is used to study the stages and possibilities involved in the establishment of a deviant career. Becker explains deviant career as a steady guide of deviant behavior which is a result of the labeling process (Orcutt 2002). Becker suggests that numerous individuals sometimes commit non-conforming actions without becoming directly caught up in a constant

Executives and Legislatures Structures and Processes Essay

Executives and Legislatures Structures and Processes - Essay Example The US is a federal republic type of government while the Britain is a constitutional monarchy, but both of them are classified as parliamentary. In a parliamentary system, the government power is vested to three separate branches namely the executive, legislative, and judicial bodies. Executive Branch of the Government: US vs. Britain Under Britain’s uncodified constitution, the Monarch has the ultimate executive authority, who also acted as the head of state. Hence, Queen Elizabeth II is vested with the executive power; however, the executive functions are carried out by Her Majesty’s government headed by the Prime Minister (PM). Mr. David Cameron is the current PM, and as the head of government, along with cabinet ministers, he will assume the Queen’s real executive power. The PM is from the lower house and is appointed by the Monarch, which in turn would appoint his own ministers that would act as Secretaries of State. However, in the US federal republic type of government, the executive power is vested in the President, and the real power is not separated because he or she stands as the head of state and head of government. ... Britain The legislative or the law-making power in the US and Britain are vested in a bicameral parliament. The US parliament, known as the Congress, is composed of 2 branches: â€Å"the House of Representatives (Lower house) and the Senate (Upper house)† (Moss, 2012). Members of Congress are directly elected by citizens from 50 US states. The House of Representatives has a fixed term of 2-years with fixed members of â€Å"no more than 435† based on the 50 states demographic (United States House of Representatives, n.d.). In addition, the Senators are elected every 6 years and each of the 50 states is represented by 2 senators (United States Senate, n.d.). On the contrary, Britain’s legislative power is vested to 2 parliamentary chambers: the House of Commons (lower house) and House of Lords (upper house) (â€Å"UK Parliament,† 2010). However, the institution has a third element called the Crown (hereditary monarch). Members of Parliament (MPs) are fully e lected through a district election across Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland. Currently, there are 650 MPs and 765 Lords. The House of Lords is an appointed legislative body, which is divided into two: the Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Temporal is composed of life, and hereditary peers and the Lords Spiritual are represented by archbishops and bishops from the Church of England (â€Å"UK Parliament,† 2010). Also, the MPs are publicly elected during the dissolution of the parliament, which is every 5 years (UK Parliament, n.d.). However, the MPs are given a provision to call for an early formation of a new administration provided that the total casted votes are two-thirds of the districts. In this regard, the agents of socialization such as peers, church,

History revision Essay Example for Free

History revision Essay History- What historians chose to interpret from the surviving evidence of the past Source + Historians = Histories All historians have their own views and interests due to their upbringing hence that the process of selection and interpretation distorts our ‘knowledge’ further. Issues in historiography Training of historians Objectivity in history Oral societies and history Problems of historical research Universal history Evidence- selection Source- How? Truth- Consensuses Context/ Perspectives Selection- Who decides? Interpretation Revision Ideology- Reputation, perspective, emerging ideas, lack of evidence Language and technique- To place emphasis and how historians chose to say Methodology- How the way you put the sources? (cross-examine, verification) Facts in history History from ‘above or below’ Motive Judgement- Whose? Audience Linguistics History and Ideology- Political beliefs influence Explicit vs. Implicit Something clearly or implied Form of literature- poems, speech â€Å"What are historical facts? † – Carl Becker 1. History is subjective- personal desires and prejudices (history changes along with society’s values) 2. History is interpreted differently between people (interpreting what in the past is though) 3. History cannot be re-enacted as a series of events 4. History is written on how much the Historian can extract from the evidence and his knowledge- background, audience, purpose, motive. 5. History is pre-occupied with ‘cold’ and ‘hard’ facts and not small detail (the obvious history) Case Study: Herodotus The historian Born at Halicarnassus (485 BC – 425 BC) Exiled due to conspiring against Persians Merchant and traveller Greek Historian Cannot be free form bias (critical judgement) Educated (upper class) Harnessed ill feelings towards Persian Motive and Purpose for Writing â€Å"These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the foreigners from losing their due need of glory; and to put on record what were their grounds of feud† To commemorate To preserve the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of his and other people and more particularly. To show how they come into conflict To record the â€Å"glory† of Greeks To record stories even where truth is impossible (fantasises, legends) Inspired by Home and Hecateus Methodology and Technique Witness accounts Values Reports Sources Interests Viewpoints Evidence Books Entertainment Evidence Observations The Mind Enquiries Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) Future Generations People’s viewpoint/ interpretation Memories Opinions Rumours Claims Honour Home and Hecateus Orally- entertaining Conflicting accounts Type of History Anthropology- study of mankind Ethnology Traditions, cultures and religious stories- oracles, wonders, marvels, dreams, myths, omens, sacrifices, prophecies, fables Societies- common practices Orators, politicians, demagogues, battles and warriors Polyphonic Constructed and recorded Books- customs, legends, history and tradition (The Histories) War between Persia and Greece Social and literary narrative Similar work style from predecessors (Homer and Hecateus: oral historians) Knowledge from his extensive travels Consulted witnesses and examined whenever possible and dreams, oracles and portents His opinion on plausible reports from implausible ones Intention of publishing hence being bias (perspective) Poetry (exaggeration) Impact of the historian on historiography Set a ‘standard’ no matter what (guidelines and rules) Creation of Western historical writing Include everything/ everybody Based on research Establishes historical writing as freely economic, political and diplomatic, social, sexual, religious, military or naval History as a field (social, cultural, gendered, religious, political, military An enquiry Storytelling and discipline Father of history and lies Establishes history as a mode of storytelling Post modernism Vocabulary Commemorative Divine intervention Greek pride Patriotic Remembrance Perspective of elite Greek society Broad Perspective Plethora Case Study- Thucydides The historian 460BC- 400 BC Elite, wealthy, male Early military career was cut short due to plague in Athens One of Athens’ ten generals Failing to save Amphipholis, he spends 20 years in exile. He returned at 404 BC. He has the opportunity to travel to both sides during the Peloponnesian War Age of the sophists- uses debates and rhetoric to argue issues Sceptical and rational Motive and Purpose for Writing â€Å"My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last for ever† â€Å"I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time† Wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians â€Å"that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it† Does not glorify war To record Methodology and Technique High value on eyewitness testimonies Episodes of himself taking part Consulted written documents Interviews of participants Does not recognise divine interventions Modern historical objectivity Chronology- summers and winters Debates that he records From memory Sharp analysis of causes and effects Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) To last through the ages Prose literature Speeches- adds realism Cross-examination Validity of their ideas on logic and rational thinking Debates Morals Type of History Political and military history Detailed writing of military, naval battles, preparation for battles, encouraging speeches by generals, effects and consequences of war Peloponnesians War Events (no arts, literature or society) War of Greeks- disputes, colonies, war, envoys Fast moving, precise, directed, decisive, carefully structured and highly analytic Strict chronological method Monologic Constructed and recorded Sophist’s speeches (used debates and arguments and counter argument, view and counter view, opinion and counter opinion) Objective Book- History of the Peloponnesian War Headlined and narrow events- military and political and diplomatic Impact of the historian on historiography Invention of a chronological way Developed an understanding of human nature explaining behaviours in such crises (plagues, massacres and civil war) instead on divine intervention History is based on logic and rational reasons and thinking Increased of accuracy and reliability of sources Sharp analysis of causes and effect Father of â€Å"scientific history†- strict standard of evidence gathering and analysing of evidence History was to learn from the past therefore making better decisions in the future Didactic- to teach Vocabulary Rhetoric of uncertainty with phrases like Devoted in evoking in detail Focus on a great historical period, a period of war Analytical No criticisms Refers to an interpretation Innovative Critical World history Case Study- Horrible Histories, Teary Deary Aim/ purpose: Entertainment, monetary, children’s interest in history Motive: Make a statement (anti-authority context) as school interest in history is declining Methodology: Consults historians (record, writing, collecting) Have professional actors Scripts (Performance) Series on Television (BBC) Language/ style: Colourful bright colours In a humorous way â€Å"Stories about people, in dramatic situations, with jokes† Gags Imagination Impact: Refocus the presentation of history to young children From being dry and dull to with humour History is now acceptable to be shown on TV for children Information of history has changed dramatically Case Study- Bede

Ethical consumerism | Analysis

Ethical consumerism | Analysis Ethical Consumerism The buy and utilisation of ethical services need that a large allowance of effort be bought into in data acquisition and conclusion making. In supplement, customers have to be eager to pay higher charges for these services. Some of the obstacles to making ethical alternatives may lie in the customer decision-making process. In their every day buying, customers enlist in usual difficulty solving. In this position, customers do not dedicate time to seeking external data or assessing the alternatives. Instead, buy aim and alternative stay unchanged. However, customers may perform more perplexing alternative methods, particularly when they purchase a granted merchandise class for the first time. For example, customers buying Fair Business services for the first time may enlist in expanded difficulty solving. She or he is inspired to take the problem to choose an ethical merchandise and pay a premium for it. Over time, this ethical conclusion will become usual, and approval can strengthen aims and reinforce the prospect of proceeded response. Customers need up-to-date and unquestionable data in alignment to make ethical choices. Information about firms ethics should be expressed to customers in such a pattern that it effortlessly comes to them and does not origin them any inconvenience. Seeking data will convey advantages, but it furthermore determinants charges to customers. The likely charges encompass time, cash, effort and delaying the decision; advantages of data encompass approval with the alternative, cost savings and the feeling that the alternative was worthwhile. Customers often use some data causes simultaneously; the distinct causes support each other, varying in implication as asserted by the alternative situation. Some customers gaze for comprehensive data while other ones make their alternatives on the cornerstone of rather scanty information. Scanty data searching may be clarified by the inclination of customers to decrease the effort engaged in maki ng judgements. According to this idea, customers are not maximizing their utility, but make a alternative when they find a satisfactory alternative. Customers data accumulating assets of time, cash and effort are inclined to be restricted. An ethical conclusion does not habitually entail that the customer is absolutely acquainted about all the facets that sway buying and consuming the product. Publicity about unethical perform is observed more often than promotion in relative to ethical conduct. Customers are inclined to enforce a restriction on an unethical firm by denying purchasing its services, but will not pay an ethical firm by buying its services. Even though obtaining data assists some customers make an ethical alternative, other ones may seem that this added data is bewildering and it raises their sense of uncertainty. Thus, making conclusions becomes even tougher when ethical matters have to be advised in supplement to cost, value and other criteria. Todays acquainted and cognizant customer may, then, be bewildered about the data circulating on ethical swapping and ethical merchandise alternatives. Too much of this data may be untrue, or not sufficient of it accurate. Such disarray may be expanded by the detail that some of a granted firms services are ethically made while other services made by the identical firm are not made as asserted by ethical criteria. Moreover, the world wideization of retail enterprise has directed to broad varieties of new services. Country-of-origin marks are not compulsory. The ethical customer is compelled to make her or his conclusions on the cornerstone of guesswork and fragmented information. FÐ µÃ °turÐ µÃ'• Ð °Ã'•Ã'•iÃ'•ting tÐ ¾ thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€mÐ µnt Ð ¾f Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µriÃ'•m ThÐ µ mÐ °nifÐ µÃ'•tÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µriÃ'•m iÃ'• diÃ'•tinguiÃ'•hÐ µd by Ã'•Ð µvÐ µrÐ °l fÐ µÃ °turÐ µÃ'•: thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€ing nurturing Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'•; fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µ Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µmbly Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt fÐ ¾r fÐ °irÐ µr Ã'•wÐ °Ã'€Ã'€ing Ã'€rÐ °Ã' tiÃ' Ã µÃ'• with thÐ µ Third WÐ ¾rld; Ð µxÃ'€Ð °nding nÐ µwÃ'•Ã'€Ð °Ã'€Ð µrÃ'• intÐ µrÐ µÃ'•t in Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ iÃ'•Ã'•uÐ µÃ'•; Ð µxÃ'€Ð °nding buÃ'•inÐ µÃ'•Ã'• rÐ µÃ'•Ã'€Ð ¾nÃ'•ibility; Ð °nd Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€liÐ µr Ã'€Ð ¾wÐ µr. Ð ll thÐ µÃ'•Ð µ hÐ °vÐ µ lÐ µÃ °d tÐ ¾ thÐ µ brÐ ¾Ã °dÐ µr Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•ibility Ð ¾f Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• Ð °nd thÐ µ high vÐ °luÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'€rÐ µÃ'•Ð µntÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÐ µ Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' tÃ'•. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€ing nurturing buyÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'• Ð  grÐ ¾wing numbÐ µr Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'• Ð °rÐ µ nurturing, Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °lly Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾mmunÐ °lly Ã' Ã ¾gnizÐ °nt Ð °nd Ð °rÐ µ rÐ µquiring Ð ° Ã'•tÐ °tÐ µ in thÐ µ Ð ¾utÃ'€ut, Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•ing Ð °nd rÐ µÃ'•Ð ¾urÃ' ing Ð ¾f rÐ °w Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð ¾nÐ µntÃ'• Ð ¾f thÐ µ gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• thÐ µy frÐ µquÐ µntly Ã'€urÃ' hÐ °Ã'•Ð µ. ThÐ µ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °lly-Ð °wÐ °rÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr hÐ °Ã'• bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ð µthiÃ' Ã °lly Ã' Ã ¾gnizÐ °nt Ð °nd iÃ'• Ã' Ã ¾nnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd by numÐ µrÐ ¾uÃ'• Ð ¾thÐ µr Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• whÐ ¾ Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã µÃ'€t Ð °Ã'• fÐ °Ã' tuÐ °l in thÐ µ vÐ °luÐ µÃ'• Ð ¾f Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ. Ð Ã'• Ð ° Ð ¾utÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ, thÐ µ Ã'€rÐ ¾grÐ µÃ'•Ã'•ivÐ µly wÐ µll-infÐ ¾rmÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr iÃ'• nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nly rÐ µquiring fÐ °irly-trÐ °dÐ µd gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'†¢, but iÃ'• dÐ µmÐ °nding mÐ °nufÐ °Ã' turÐ µrÃ'• Ð °nd rÐ µtÐ °ilÐ µrÃ'• tÐ ¾ Ð °Ã'•Ã'•urÐ °nÃ' Ã µ thÐ µ Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µrtiÐ ¾nÃ'• thÐ µy mÐ °kÐ µ Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µir Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' tÃ'•. ThiÃ'• iÃ'• Ã'•hÐ ¾wÐ µd by thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€mÐ µnt Ð ¾f thÐ µ â€Å"FÐ °ir TrÐ °dÐ µ LÐ °bÐ µl† by ThÐ µ FÐ °ir TrÐ °dÐ µ FÐ ¾undÐ °tiÐ ¾n, whiÃ' h wÐ °Ã'• Ð µÃ'•tÐ °bliÃ'•hÐ µd duÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr dÐ µmÐ °nd fÐ ¾r Ð °n unÐ °lignÐ µd, Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ vÐ °lidÐ °ting bÐ ¾dy. ThiÃ'• Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð ¾Ã' iÐ °tiÐ ¾n iÃ'• Ã'•uÃ'•tÐ °inÐ µd by numÐ µrÐ ¾uÃ'• bÐ µnÐ µvÐ ¾lÐ µnt Ã'•Ð ¾Ã' iÐ µtiÐ µÃ'• Ð °nd bÐ ¾Ã °Ã'•tÃ'• tÐ ¾ Ã'•uÃ'€Ð µrviÃ'•Ð µ Ã'•ituÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ã'€Ð °id wÐ ¾rk Ð °nd thÐ µn tÐ ¾Ã'€iÃ'  thÐ µ FÐ °ir TrÐ °dÐ µ LÐ °bÐ µl tÐ ¾ buÃ'•inÐ µÃ'•Ã'•Ð µÃ'• it Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•id Ð µrÃ'• tÐ ¾ bÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•idÐ µring Ð µquitÐ °bly with Third WÐ ¾rld Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' Ã µrÃ'•. ThÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'• iÃ'• nÐ ¾t Ã'•Ð ¾lÐ µly wÐ ¾rriÐ µd with Ã' Ã ¾Ã'•t, vÐ °luÐ µ, Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•ignmÐ µnt, Ð µÃ' Ã ¾lÐ ¾giÃ' Ã °l mÐ °ttÐ µrÃ'• Ð °nd Ã'•Ð ¾ fÐ ¾rth; Ð °n Ð µxÃ'€Ð °nding numbÐ µr Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• Ð °rÐ µ wÐ ¾rriÐ µd Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µ Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l dimÐ µnÃ'•iÐ ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ trÐ °ding Ð µxÃ' hÐ °ngÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr rÐ µviÐ µw diÃ'•Ã' lÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µd thÐ °t Ð ¾nÐ µ-quÐ °rtÐ µr Ð ¾f rÐ µÃ'•Ã'€Ð ¾ndÐ µntÃ'• buy fÐ °irly-trÐ °dÐ µd gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• Ð ¾n Ð ° nÐ ¾rmÐ °l Ã' Ã ¾rnÐ µrÃ'•tÐ ¾nÐ µ (Ð °t Ã'•mÐ °llÐ µÃ'•t Ð ¾nÐ µ timÐ µ in Ð µvÐ µry twÐ ¾ Ã'€urÃ' hÐ °Ã'•Ð µÃ'•). ThÐ µÃ'•Ð µ Ð µxÃ'€lÐ ¾rÐ °tÐ ¾ry Ð ¾utÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt FlÐ µtÃ' hÐ µrÃ'• (1990) Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µrtiÐ ¾n thÐ °t Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr mÐ °in Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µrnÃ'• Ð °nd rudimÐ µntÐ °ry mind-Ã'•Ð µt Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾nviÃ' tiÐ ¾nÃ'• in thÐ µ 1990Ã'• Ð °rÐ µ dÐ µÃ µÃ'€ly diÃ'•tinÃ' t frÐ ¾m thÐ µ Ã'•timulÐ °tÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1960Ã'•, thÐ µ Ã'•Ð µlf Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µntrÐ °tÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1970Ã'• Ð °nd thÐ µ hÐ °rd-hitting, Ð °Ã' quiÃ'•itivÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1980Ã'•. ThÐ µÃ'•Ð µ Ð ¾utÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µrifiÐ µd by thÐ µ NОÐ   Ð ¡Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð…urvÐ µy Ð °nd diÃ'•Ã'€lÐ °y thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ iÃ'• Ð ° niÃ' hÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt Ð ¾f â€Å"Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l† Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• invÐ ¾lvÐ µd in buying fÐ °irly-trÐ °dÐ µd gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• whÐ µn thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °blÐ µ. The attachment between the environmental purchaser and the ethical customer Barratt Brown (1993) cited to the idea of sustainable advancement to display the attachment between customer disquiet for the natural air and sensible enterprise practices. Charter (1992) utilised the explain supplied by Pearce in 1989 to distinuish sustainable advancement as: †¦progress that comes across the yearns of the present without compromising the skill of future generations to rendezvous their own needs. It comprises interior it two concepts; the idea of â€Å"needs†, in exact the wholeheartedly vital yearns of the worlds poor, to that overriding major anxiety should be given; and the notion of limitations enforced by the state of know-how and communal management on the atmospheres skill to rendezvous present and future needs Charter (1992) advances on to converse about the minutia that sustainable advancement positions aim on providing for the yearns of the least significant advantaged in humanity and additionally the sensible remedy of future generations. An underlying constituent of such provision embraces sensible swapping and the affairs of people-friendly swapping concepts. Sustainability is at the nucleus of the green swapping convictions (Charter, 1992), and additionally lies at the centre of the ethical swapping concept. A sustainable approach to utilisation and yield enlists enjoying a standard of house today that is not at the total cost of the standard of house that can be relished by future generations. Pearce et al. (1989) suggests three very broad designs to complete sustainable progress: †¢ Standard the natural air to increase the worth adhered to the natural, heritage and assembled natural air, now and for the future. †¢ Extend time horizons to extend disquiet, not only to short- and medium-term horizons, but to the long-term future, to be inherited by future generations. †¢ Equity to position aim on verifying for the yearns of the least significant advantaged in humanity and additionally sensible remedy of future generations. These designs are adopted by the notions of sensible enterprise, and it can be glimpsed from Pearce et al.s (1989) designs that ethical consumerism has been assembled on the equal underlying measures of sustainability as green consumerism. The Brundtland Report of 1987 suggested to the worlds administration a cohesive and believable suggestion for â€Å"sustainable advancement advancement that is forceful, and at the equal time communally and ecologically sustainable† (Peattie 1992). The report made wide-ranging recommendations about the measures of sustainable progress; Peattie (1992, p. 79) delineated these as follows: †¢ Recognition of peoples privileges to a healthy natural air and to protection from transboundary degradation †¢ Preservation of environmental assets, ecosystems, environmental procedures and biological diversity for the benefit of future generations †¢ Evaluation of the environmental leverage of present and conceived economic activity †¢ Data provision on the environmental outcomes of economic undertaking, and on transboundary asset usage †¢ Co-operation over utilising transboundary assets, in applying environmental protection, and in overseeing and revising the atmosphere †¢ conceiving the setting and implementation of environmental assesses, and how to deal with environmental catastrophes †¢ limiting house and transboundary environmental impairment and risk. These measures extend from the idea of environmental accuse to cover the persons facet of sensible enterprise the preservation, evaluation and co-operation measures can be precisely attached to sensible enterprise, with its underlying measures of good engaged assesses and position in its ideals that are founded on the measures of sustainable progress. The green customer has been explained as one who avoids goods that are anticipated to â€Å"endanger the wellbeing of the customer or others; source important impairment to the natural air all through assemble, use or disposal; consume a disproportionate allowance of energy; source pointless waste; use characteristics drawn from threatened species or atmospheres; enlist pointless use or cruelty to animals; adversely sway other countries† (Elkington and Hailes, 1989). The ethical customer adheres to these measures, but is additionally concerned about the persons facet of assemble, use and disposal. Awareness of the buying publics increasing disquiet about wellbeing, animal welfare, environmental impairment and genetic expertise are common, and disquiet about ethical swapping relations with the Third World is developing progressively recognised as a constituent in customer alternate (Barratt Brown, 1993). The green customer is about to be attached in the buying transformation by a new kind of ethical purchaser, who will demand that goods are not only amicable to the natural air but additionally to the individuals who make them (Rosenbaum, 1993). Ð  rÐ µÃ'•Ã'•urÐ µ Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µmbly Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt The flourishing support of sensible enterprise by force assemblies has made in an increasing disquiet contemplating the affairs of sensible enterprise and ethical consumerism by constituents of the public, retailers and the media. Oxfam, Christian Aid, CAFOD and the Fair Business Foundation have competently lobbied buying shopping centres to provide fairly-business coffee, tea and sweets goods adjacent mainstream alternatives. Membership of force assemblies and associations concerned with environmental, environmental and conservation affairs brandished astonishing advancement between 1981 and 1992, as Table II illustrates. This showed an increase in public disquiet and support of force assembly companies. The advancement in constituents of conservation associations reflects growing public insight of environmental and ethical affairs, and a eagerness to do certain thing about these concerns. Admittedly, this does not precisely contemplate the advancement in ethical consumerism but, as green customers become more dynamically ecologically and ethically cognizant, it is conjectured that there is a inclination for these nurturing customers to become ethically responsive as well as ecologically responsive. Many force assemblies additionally crusade for ethical affairs and measures of sensible business; such force assembly support has made in increasing bulletins interest. For demonstration, Twin Trading is a benevolent humanity that â€Å"works to strengthen the capability of constructor management in Asia, Africa and Latin America to enterprise independently†, it crusades comprising the sensible enterprise theme and earnings bulletins remedy of sensible enterprise values and exploitation appealing advancement and support for affairs for example agriculture co-operatives in Tanzania, coffee ranches in Brazil and the engaged position of tea manufacturers in India. Media interest Ethical affairs, for example giving Third World manufacturers a sensible cost, providing least significant wages, guaranteeing long-term swapping firm pledges and sensible scrounging time span, the provision of least significant wellbeing, security and environmental assesses, communal fairness and the sustainment of natural assets, have become usual characteristics of bulletins anecdotes and television documentaries. During the 1970s environmental affairs came by high exposure, partially due to the accomplishment of environmental assemblies for example Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, equivalent sensible enterprise assemblies are evolving in the 1990s Twin Trading, Equal Exchange, Oxfam and Traidcraft, and most recently The Fair Business Foundation, all of that have growing economic and customer support. The Fair Business Foundation, for demonstration, has competently aided to market a sensible enterprise coffee and tea merchandise that has boost two-fold sales since it launch in 1994, conceiving comprehensive bulletins interest in the product. Issues in relation to sensible swapping, sustainable advancement, sensible pay, good engaged position and steady profits to Third World manufacturers are usual characteristics of bulletins reports; Cowe (1993), Hargreeves (1994), Matthews (1994) and Vaughan (1993) have recounted ethical customer affairs in The Guardian, The Financial Times, Marketing Week and The Independent respectively all mass bulletins publications with high readership ratings. Just as green consumerism developed as a conclusion of bulletins remedy of environmental affairs in the 1970s and 1980s, ethical consumerism is benefiting equivalent bulletins grade in the 1990s. Increasing enterprise responsibility Increasing enterprise accuse was glimpsed as a incident in the 1980s and early 1990s, and is still evolving as an theme in 1995. Organisations for example Cadburys, Brook Bond and the Co-operative are progressively taking on board affairs of ethical consumerism in their buying and supply values, for demonstration, co-operative sensible enterprise tea initiatives. The primary study expressed out amidst large UK retailers revealed that five out of the eight responding associations claim to address affairs of ethical consumerism and sensible enterprise when making buying decisions. Evidence of this lies in the minutia that all five of the responding buying shopping centres provide sensible enterprise goods for example Cafedirect and Gold Blacks sweets, and all are revising own-label sensible enterprise services. Although there are twosome of legislative assesses administered precisely at the provision of fairly-business goods, those legislative assesses administered at the advancement of environmental responsiveness are a attribute leveraging the advancement of ethical consumerism. For demonstration, the EC Eco-labelling Directive, that aspires to provide purchasers with more facts and numbers on the environmental leverage of goods, will lead to a better acquainted customer. It is hypothesized that one time customers are better acquainted they will demand more distant facts and numbers about the goods they are buying and it is outlook that this will encompass Third World swapping practices and resourcing procedures. The proposed structure for eco-auditing has actually leaded to the advancement of the communal audit. This is an evaluation of an companys communal, economic and ethical practices and processes. For demonstration, Traidcraft has expressed out a communal reconsider for some years, and economic associations for example the Co-op are enquiring the prospect of increasing their eco-auditing procedures to encompass communal auditing. InÃ' rÐ µÃ °Ã'•ing Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€liÐ µr Ã'€Ð ¾wÐ µr The increasing power of Third World suppliers can be displayed by the advancement of co-operative other than comparable swapping practices between Third World manufacturers, suppliers and association buyers. The retailer reconsider revealed that three of the associations outlook suppliers as partners, and have developed attachments founded on mutual accept as factual a change from the customary power groundwork retailers have held in the past. â€Å"From being inquisitive a year before, the buying shopping centres are now seated up and yearn to realise more† Lorna Young, Twin Trading 1994. This was maintained by a Co-operative Retail spokesperson who said â€Å"I accept as factual that buying shopping centres address sensible enterprise as certain thing they need to do from an likeness topic of view. It may be part of the more nurturing Nineties †¦ Ethical swapping is seated happily with us† (Tickell, 1994). Such partnerships are maintained by The Fair Business Foundation, a enterprise constrained by promise, whose constituents are CAFOD, Christian Aid, the National Federation of Womens Institutes, Oxfam, Traidcraft Exchange and World Progress Movement. The aim of the Foundation is to increase associations to develop sensible swapping practices with Third World suppliers, aiding to move the balance of power from buying associations to suppliers. Wider accessibility of alternate services Supermarkets in the UK have a large deal of power over manufacturers, particularly in localities where branding is not important, and it is the retailers who the customer interacts to rather then the producer. Even in brand-aware markets, the retailer often overrides the market through its own-label emblems (Adams et al., 1991). Food multiples for example Safeway, Tesco and Sainsburys have presented a premier function in the green customer transformation in the nourishment shop sector. Adams et al. (1991) displayed, manufacturers, especially manufacturers and processors in developing countries, are reliant on retailers for swapping, and merchandise conceive and market information. This expresses itself in many ways, from manufacturers going out of enterprise to poor wages and engaged position endured by suppliers as allegations, consignment agenda and new merchandise specifications are all set by the large retail multiples. Getting ecologically-friendly goods into the buying shopping centres has been a gigantic argument for ecologicalists, but now the large-scale retailers are been assured to provide people-friendly, fairly-business goods (Vaughan, 1993). Customer power has, for a long time, been a force for retailers to address with (Barratt Brown, 1993). Competitive tensions in the retail market-place have made in an increase in the accessibility of fairly-business services. As with green affairs, the buying shopping centres are allowing manufacturers to set up customer demand for alternate goods before commencing their own brands. Several buying shopping centres, three out of the 10 responding associations, are really revising the prospect of own-label, fairly-business coffee, tea and chocolate. The Co-operative, for demonstration, is really engaged with the Fair Business Foundation, enquiring the launch of a kind of goods for example honey, sweets, nuts, tea and sugar, whose determinants would fit the Foundations firm sensible enterprise criteria (Vidal, 1994). High benchmark and production of alternate brands The progressively well-informed customer is not only needing ethical, fairly-business goods, but is requiring manufacturers and retailers to promise the ethical claims they are making about their goods, by rejecting to purchase goods with unconfirmed sensible enterprise claims. Therefore, the benchmark and production of fairly-business goods are high, and guaranteed to be so by, in some examples unaligned verification. The customer reconsider revealed that the most of respondents who purchase fairly-business goods glimpsed them to be of high quality. The standard utilised was the evaluation between sensible enterprise goods and the equivalent marked merchandise (for demonstration, Nescafà © and Cafedirect instant coffee). Thirty-five % glimpsed them to be of a better benchmark than equivalent usual emblems and 45 % accept as factual the sensible enterprise goods they buy are the equal benchmark as usual brands. Only 5 % glimpse them to be of an inferior quality. It is intriguing to note that 7 % of the reconsider respondents would only purchase a sensible enterprise merchandise if it was individually verified as such. Like the first stage of greener swapping, sensible swapping and ethical swapping are, and will be in the future, directed by many as a short-term response to clientele assertions, with lesser adaptations being made to dwelling goods for demonstration, emblem managers for a premier UK tea constructor are making claims to have habitually shown disquiet for tea pickers in the Third World. Ethical consumerism Ethical consumerism has lately become an perfect that is chased by assemblies of customers particularly in the Western countries. Both companies and customers have a important function in encouraging ethics in output and business. The most important obstacles to ethical consumerism emerge to be adversities in getting data, the accessibility of ethical services and the high charges of these services. Customers consciousness about ethics should be enhanced by teaching them and supplying them with dependable information. Ethics in utilisation should become a norm in humanity that is pursued in the identical way as other lesson values, or unseen rules. Customers may find it tough to make a business-off between convenience or reduced charges and ethics, even when they consider ethics as significant. But if neglecting ethics was to become improper and shameful demeanour, affirmative mind-set in the direction of ethics might be recognized in buying decisions. Public principle manufacturers and companies involved in ethical consumerism should pay vigilance to customers disarray and uncertainty. Customers find it awkward that companies convey both unethical and ethical services in their ranges. It continues a future dispute for companies to find ways to present ethical merchandise options clearly and express dependable data about ethics in alignment to support why a granted merchandise encounters ethical measures, and why that merchandise may cost more than other services. One future opening open to companies in marketing ethical services is the perform of selective ethics. For example, the Body Shop notion is well renowned for a lone ethical claim: no services are checked on animals. While customers find it tough to address some ethical criteria simultaneously, selective ethics only need that they take into account one or two important ethical issues. Opportunities for communally to blame and ethical consumerism extend to be little renowned amidst customers. Firms need to display more apparently that they are chasing ethical ciphers of conduct. They could evolve larger competence in utilising ethics as a asset, or the cornerstone for differentiation and comparable advantage. However, there is a hazard that ethics will be utilised only as a marketing knack or likeness that has no matter in the firms actions. Firms utilising ethics in this way not only impairment their own enterprise, but furthermore sway the trustworthiness of other companies that chase ethics as a aim in itself. The function of customers as promoters of ethical enterprise should furthermore be stressed. If customers do not demand companies to supply ethical services, companies are expected to eliminate ethical services from their ranges. Social blame will not omit earnings making. If communal blame turns out to be unprofitable, it will be tough for companies to assist to decreasing ethical injustices in world broad business. Customers have become more cognizant of the affairs surrounding fairer enterprise and the leverage of western customers on the anticipations and aspirations of Third World producers. Ecologically benign and ethically sound yield of customer makes for example tea, coffee and cocoa is viable, and such goods are now amply accessible (Cox, 1993). Lasting responses to both environmental and advancement adversities are being sought as a conclusion of amplified insight of the natural air and Third World affairs (Cox, 1993). The idea of sensible enterprise with Third World countries is founded on the underlying benchmark of double-checking sensible allegations and a steady profits for growers and producers. Ethical swapping has evolved as a direct conclusion of such concerns. The manifestation of ethical consumerism is differentiated by some features: †¢ The evolving nurturing customer of the 1990s; †¢ pressure assembly support for fairer swapping practices with the Third World; †¢ increasing bulletins interest in sensible enterprise issues; †¢ increasing enterprise responsibility; †¢ increasing supplier power in the marketplace. All of these have aided to the broader accessibility of sensible enterprise goods and the high benchmark and production of alternate services. Managerial implications Ethical consumerism is a swapping idea in the prime stages of advancement in the UK, but, like green consumerism, it is a source of comparable advantage for communally and ethically cognizant companies. The characteristics aiding to the advancement of sensible enterprise and ethical consumerism pattern an integrated, self-perpetuating pattern (Figure 2). However, empirical details and figures to investigate the primary conclusion of this reconsider are required to set up the dimensions and air of this market concept. It is proposed that more distant study be undertaken to set up the span, issue and characteristics of the idea of ethical consumerism. Companies that disregard the advancement of ethical consumerism and its pledge advancement are taking the risk of loosing market share, as customers move in the main heading of emblems with an ethical swapping dimension. As with the advancement of environmental consumerism, those who answer quickly will be in a location to gain strategic comparable advantage, through aspiring at the new and developing ethical customer market segment. Recommendations Its a renowned reality that no enterprise can endure without customers. In the verge of farthest affray and financial slowdown, its important for an business to work nearly with your customers to confirm the service or merchandise that it presents is as close to their obligations as likely and up to the yearned standards. Since its important that an business types a close employed connection with its purchaser, customer service is of crucial significance. In the approaching parts some helpful tips for keeping customers and holding them joyous are mentioned. These proposals can verify to be helpful for the businesses to make their purchaser seem esteemed, liked and respected. Recommendations For Action Get committed in Face-to-Face Negotiations with customers This is the most threatening and wholeheartedly terrifying part of combining with a customer. If an one-by-one is not taught to handle a customer and to competently deal with him in tough position, it can verify to be a attractive distracting experience. To make things farther tough, it does get simpler over time. However, one should note that it is exceedingly important for the businesses to let their staff rendezvous the customers face to face. In case of services or services in that businesses do not get in feel with the customers exactly, they should charter a group to hold in feel with the customers to assess their responses. It has been verified through know-how that a purchaser finds it simpler to narrate to and work with a famous person they have really contacted in individual, other than a voice on the telephone or somebody broadcasting through an email. While gathering with the customers it is important for the workers of an business to stay serene, assertive and most consi derably, take time to get the essential data from them for example what are their desires with esteem to a merchandise or service. It is broadly accepted that that if a promise purchaser expends most of his or her time conversing, there is a high likelihood of making a sale and forming a long-term connection with him or her. Quickly reply to customers queries This is very factual in case of every enterprise, no issue how convoluted the merchandise is or how tough it is to answer to the customer on time. The irritation skilled by a customer while waiting for a answer, that has gone late, can be well imagined. It might not habitually be helpful to deal with all customers queries inside a very shot span of time but it is advisable to not less than announce them about the acknowledgement of the query and announce them about the anticipated hold up in response. Even a lone call to let the customer understand that the note is obtained and he or she will be communicated when likely will assist the purpose. Even if the business is not adept to explain a difficulty inside the yearned time span of time, it is better to let the customer the employees is employed on his or her problem. Keep a amicable attitude It is very absolutely crucial to be amicable, considerate and to make the purchasers seem as if they are like associates to the business and that the business is habitually there to help them out and explain their problems. At times, the workers will seem that they should heal the purchasers with as harshness as likely and absolutely disregard to their odd claims but the firm should train its workers to stay gracious and friendly. It is very important that the workers hold a amicable and gracious mind-set in order that they can reply to your clients yearns and desires with their best grade of capabilities and stay gracious and courteous all the time. Define a Clear and Concise Policy for Customer Service Such methods may not appear very important in the starting neither they emerge to give any advantage in the short term. However, a apparently characterised customer service principle is going to save a substantial grade of time and effort of the business in the long run that in turn will decisively lead to the greatest utilization of companys assets and advanced profitability. The customer service principle should characterise as to how the customer should get the best grade of service or merchandise and how his or her difficulty can be resolved. It should apparently state as to a customer should do if he have a problem. If theyre not persuaded with any facet of an companys customer service, there should be some way to let them deplore and announce the administration about the problem. The most annoying know-how for a purchaser is to be passed from ind

The Silk Road Essays -- Chinese History

Long before there were trains, ships and airplanes to transport goods from one place to another, there was the Silk Road. Beginning in the sixth century, this route was formed and thus began the first major trade system. Although the term â€Å"Silk Road† would lead one that it was on road, this term actually refers to a number of different routes that covered a vast amount of land and were traveled by many different people. Along with silk, large varieties of goods were traded and traveled along this route both going to and from China. Material goods were not the only thing that passed along this path, but many religions were brought into China via the Silk Road. These topics will be discussed in detail in this paper. From Babylon in the west to Chang’an in the east and from Jada Gate in the north to Patna in the south, the Silk Road stretched over a wide space of the Asian and Middle Eastern countries. There was not one road or one direct route between the many stops between these destinations. The caravans that traveled the Silk Road mainly skirted the Taklimakan desert, also called the â€Å"Land of the Dead† by the people in that area. Nomadic tribes traveled from oasis to oasis, often with little or no protection from bandits. These bandits were accustomed to engaging in raids on the merchants that used this route to trade with other countries, attacking and stealing from the merchants and later selling what they acquired in this nefarious manner. It is important to note that while the deserts were a challenge to navigate, the highest mountain ranges also made travel difficult. Many of the people who used this trade route never traveled far, but instead traded goods many times between merchants. It is because of these ... ...hina as well. Along the Silk Road, Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaeism also migrated towards the east. The Silk Road supported trade of goods and services and the spread of ideas and religions, beginning the shrinking of the world to the relatively small place it has become in our time. Works Cited Wild, Oliver. Department of Earth System Science; University of California Irvine, "The Silk Road." Last modified 1992. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html. Lendering, Jona. LIVIUS Articles on Ancient History, "Silk road." Last modified 03/30/2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://livius.org/sh-si/silk_road/silk_road.html. Major, John. Asia Society, "Silk Road: Spreading Ideas and Inovations." Last modified 2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://asiasociety.org/countries/trade-exchange/silk-road-spreading-ideas-and-innovations.

free speech -- essays research papers

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION--SPEECH AND PRESS Adoption and the Common Law Background Madison's version of the speech and press clauses, introduced in the House of Representatives on June 8, 1789, provided: ''The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be inviolable.''1 The special committee rewrote the language to some extent, adding other provisions from Madison's draft, to make it read: ''The freedom of speech and of the press, and the right of the people peaceably to assemble and consult for their common good, and to apply to the Government for redress of grievances, shall not be infringed.''2 In this form it went to the Senate, which rewrote it to read: ''That Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and consult for their common good, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.''3 Subsequently, the religion clauses and th ese clauses were combined by the Senate.4 The final language was agreed upon in conference. Debate in the House is unenlightening with regard to the meaning the Members ascribed to the speech and press clause and there is no record of debate in the Senate.5 In the course of debate, Madison warned against the dangers which would arise ''from discussing and proposing abstract propositions, of which the judgment may not be convinced. I venture to say, that if we confine ourselves to an enumeration of simple, acknowledged principles, the ratification will meet with but little difficulty.''6 That the ''simple, acknowledged principles'' embodied in the First Amendment have occasioned controversy without end both in the courts and out should alert one to the difficulties latent in such spare language. Insofar as there is likely to have been a consensus, it was no doubt the common law view as expressed by Blackstone. ''The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state; but this consists in laying no previous restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public; to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press: but if he publishes what is im... ... of the First Amendment preclude the notion that its purpose was to give unqualified immunity to every expression that touched on matters within the range of political interest. . . . 'The law is perfectly well settled,' this Court said over fifty years ago, 'that the first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly known as the Bill of Rights, were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government, but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors, and which had from time immemorial been subject to certain well-recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case. In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions, which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed.' That this represents the authentic view of the Bill of Rights and the spirit in which it must be construed has been recognized again and again in cases that have come here within the last fifty years.'' Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494, 521-522, 524 (1951) (concurring opinion). The internal quotation is from Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275, 281 (1897).